光子能量沉积计算的一种新方法

光子沉积能广泛地应用于放射医疗和辐射防护领域。 MCNP程序中*F8功能统计的是进出网格的光子与电子能量差。 *F8只能采用真实网格, 计算效率较低。 由于光子的能量沉积都是通过次级电子来完成的, 对光子能量沉积的计算可转换为次级电子能量沉积的计算。 文中据此给出了一种新的光子能量沉积统计方法, 该方法只统计次级电子能量沉积, 且可以采用虚拟网格计数。 新方法若采用真实网格, 计算精度与效率与*F8完全一样; 若采用虚拟网格, 新方法计算精度略低, 但几何建模简单, 计算效率较高。 Energy deposition distribution is very important to study radiotherapy or radioprotection. The *F8 method of MCNP program counts the energy loss of photon and electron together. Only real grid is allowed to *F8, so its computation efficiency is low. This paper gives a new calculation method for energy deposition of photon. Because the energy deposition of photon is accomplished by secondary electron, only electron is counted in the new method. The real collision of the electron is counted by the new method, whereas *F8 only counts the information of particle across the interface. Moreover, virtual grid is allowed in the new method. With real grid, the new method has the same precision and efficiency as *F8. If virtual grid is adopted by the new method, although the precision is slightly down, the efficiency is greatly increased.     

Monte Carlo simulation of prompt γ-ray spectra from depleted uranium under D-T neutron irradiation and electron recoil spectra in a liquid scintillator detector

To overcome the problem of inefficient computing time and unreliable results in MCNP5 calculation, a two-step method is adopted to calculate the energy deposition of prompt γ-rays in detectors for depleted uranium spherical shells under D-T neutron irradiation. In the first step, the γ-ray spectrum for energy below 7 MeV is calculated by MCNP5 code; secondly, the electron recoil spectrum in a BC501 A liquid scintillator detector is simulated based on EGSnrc Monte Carlo Code with the γ-ray spectrum from the first step as input. The comparison of calculated results with experimental ones shows that the simulations agree well with experiment in the energy region 0.4–3 MeV for the prompt γ-ray spectrum and below 4 MeVee for the electron recoil spectrum. The reliability of the two-step method in this work is validated.     

MCNP/MCNPX几何栅元划分方法对精确放疗剂量计算的影响研究

复杂几何模型的建立是Monte Carlo粒子输运程序MCNP／MCNPX在放疗领域广泛应用的关键与难点,发展了基于医学CT影像的MCNP／MCNPX自动建模软件,提出并实现了3种几何栅元划分的方法。根据临床实例数据,分别建立了3种MCNP几何模型。在此基础上,研究分析了3种几何栅元划分方法及重复结构描述方法对计算结果的影响,为MCNP／MCNPX在放疗中的应用提供基础。The key problem for the application of the Monte Carlo particle transport code MCNP/MCNPX in radiotherapy is the creation of complex geometrical model. To handle this problem, a software has been developed to automatically create MCNP/MCNPX geometrical model based on the CT images, and three geometric cell treatment schemes were proposed and implemented in this software. In this work, three MCNP models are created, and calculations are performed to investigate the effect of those cell treatment schemes and repeated structure technique on the calculation results.     

Pole placement method of controlling chaos in DC--DC buck converters

Based on the mechanism for the generation of chaos in a buck converter, a pole placement method is proposed and applied to controlling the chaos in a circuit. The control circuit is designed and tested. Numerical calculation and circuit implementation demonstrate the validity of this chaos control method.     

Preliminary study on CAD-based method of characteristics for neutron transport calculation

Our new method makes use of a CAD-based automatic modeling tool, MCAM, for geometry modeling and ray tracing of particle transport in method of characteristics （MOC）. It was found that it could considerably enhance the capability of MOC to deal with more complicated models for neutron transport calculation. In our study, the diamond-difference scheme was applied to MOC to reduce the spatial discretization errors of the fiat flux approximation. Based on MCAM and MOC, a new 2D MOC code was developed and integrated into the SuperMC system, which is a Super Multi-function Computational system for neutronics and radiation simulation. The numerical results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method for neutron transport calculation in MOC.     

Preliminary study on CAD-based method of characteristics for neutron transport calculation

Our new method makes use of a CAD-based automatic modeling tool, MCAM, for geometry modeling and ray tracing of particle transport in method of characteristics (MOC). It was found that it could considerably enhance the capability of MOC to deal with more complicated models for neutron transport calculation. In our study, the diamond-difference scheme was applied to MOC to reduce the spatial discretization errors of the flat flux approximation. Based on MCAM and MOC, a new 2D MOC code was developed and integrated into the SuperMC system, which is a Super Multi-function Computational system for neutronics and radiation simulation. The numerical results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method for neutron transport calculation in MOC.     

Improved method for analyzing quasi-optical launchers

An improved method for analyzing the radiation characteristic of the quasi-optical launcher is presented. The launcher is decomposed into an open-ended waveguide and a helical cut according to the proposed method. The radiation from the open-ended waveguide is obtained by using the Stratton-Chu formulation. The helical cut＇s radiation is calculated based on its current distribution, gained by several iterative computations, which helps to improve the calculation accuracy since the diffraction effect introduced by the helical cut is considered during the calculation. The proposed method is used to study different launches, and the results are compared with the existing results. Good agreement is achieved between the results obtained from our proposed method and the reported results. The present results provide an alternative for analysis and synthesis of the optical-mode converter.     

Influence of thyroid volume reduction on absorbed dose in ~(131)I therapy studied by using Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation

A simulation study has been performed to quantify the effect of volume reduction on the thyroid absorbed dose per decay and to investigate the variation of energy deposition per decay due to β- and γ-activity of ~(131)I with volume/mass of thyroid,for water,ICRP- and ICRU-soft tissue taken as thyroid material.A Monte Carlo model of the thyroid,in the Geant4 radiation transport simulation toolkit was constructed to compute the β- and γ-absorbed dose in the simulated thyroid phantom for various values of its volume.The effect of the size and shape of the thyroid on energy deposition per decay has also been studied by using spherical,ellipsoidal and cylindrical models for the thyroid and varying its volume in 1-25 cm~3 range.The relative differences of Geant4 results for different models with each other and MCNP results he well below 1.870%.The maximum relative difference among the Geant4estimated results for water with ICRP and ICRU soft tissues is not more than 0.225%.S-values for ellipsoidal,spherical and cylindrical thyroid models were estimated and the relative difference with published results lies within3.095%.The absorbed fraction values for beta particles show a good agreement with published values within 2.105%deviation.The Geant4 based simulation results of absorbed fractions for gammas again show a good agreement with the corresponding MCNP and EGS4 results(±6.667%) but have 29.032%higher values than that of MIRD calculated values.Consistent with previous studies,the reduction of the thyroid volume is found to have a substantial effect on the absorbed dose.Geant4 simulations confirm dose dependence on the volume/mass of thyroid in agreement with MCNP and EGS4 computed values but are substantially diiferent from MIRD8 data.Therefore,inclusion of size/mass dependence is indicated for ~(131)I radiotherapy of the thyroid.     

Intensity Correlation Function and Associated Relaxation Time of a Saturation Laser Model with Correlated Noises

We investigate the intensity correlation function C（s） and its associated relaxation time Tc for a saturation model of single-mode laser with correlated noises. The expressions of O（s） and Tc are derived by means of the projection operator method, and effects of correlations between an additive noise and a multiplicative noise are discussed by numerical calculation. Based on the calculated results, it is found that the correlation strength A between the additive noise and the multiplicative noise can enhance the fluctuation decay of the laser intensity.     

Steady state investigation on neutronics of a molten salt reactor considering the flow effect of fuel salt

The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), one of the `Generation IV' concepts, is a liquid-fuel reactor, which is different from the conventional reactors using solid fissile materials due to the flow effect of fuel salt. The study on its neutronics considering the fuel salt flow, which is the base of the thermal-hydraulic calculation and safety analysis, must be done. In this paper, the theoretical model on neutronics under steady condition for a single-liquid-fueled MSR is conducted and calculated by numerical method. The neutronics model consists of two group neutron diffusion equations for fast and thermal neutron fluxes, and balance equations for six-group delayed neutron precursors considering the flow effect of fuel salt. The spatial discretization of the above models is based on the finite volume method, and the discretization equations are computed by the source iteration method. The distributions of neutron fluxes and the distributions of the delayed neutron precursors in the core are obtained. The numerical calculated results show that, the fuel salt flow has little effect on the distribution of fast and thermal neutron fluxes and the effective multiplication factor; however, it affects the distribution of the delayed neutron precursors significantly, especially the long-lived one. In addition, it could be found that the delayed neutron precursors influence the neutronics slightly under the steady condition.     

基于双重傅里叶级数的混沌SPWM频谱量化分析

混沌SPWM控制因其可以有效地降低变换器的电磁干扰而得到越来越多的关注,目前对于电磁干扰效果的分析主要以仿真和实验为主,缺乏一种量化的分析方法.本文利用双重傅里叶级数的方法,首先给出了多周期及准随机SPWM的频谱量化表达式,并且针对多周期SPWM进行了频谱计算与仿真的对比验证,然后本文将此计算方法拓展应用到混沌SPWM中,并分析了混沌频谱计算的可行性.为了验证不同映射及不同载波周期波动范围对频谱的影响,文中选择了常用的Tent和Chebyshev映射分别进行了对比实验,实验结果表明,载波周期波动范围对扩频效果具有较大的影响,而且从长期看,混沌序列的分布概率密度会影响扩频的效果,从短期来看,序列的初始值选取也会对扩频效果有较大影响.本文的频谱分析方法对混沌SPWM抑制电磁干扰原理提供了一定的理论基础,而且可以为其工程实践提供设计参考.     

基于量子微扰的AlGaN/GaN异质结波函数半解析求解

基于量子力学微扰理论的分析，得到AlGaN/GaN异质结波函数的半解析模型.给出了模型的理论分析和计算结果.对于相同问题，给出了与差分算法的对照结果.与传统的差分方法相比，半解析方法具有收敛性强、大规模问题计算效率高的特点，更适合作为AlGaN/GaN异质结量子阱的求解算法. 关键词： AlGaN GaN 量子阱 薛定谔方程     

基于Geant4的回旋加速器束流动力学计算

针对回旋加速器的束流动力学设计,基于Geant4模拟研究,提供一种可行的数值模拟方法。通过电磁场仿真软件Opera建立相应的电磁场数据导入到Geant4中进行插值计算,利用Geant4自带的电磁场微分方程与微分方程求解器计算粒子的平衡轨道,振荡频率以及加速轨道。其结果表明:对于横向运动而言,Geant4的计算结果与传统数值方法计算结果趋于一致;对于轴向运动而言,由于磁场插值方法的差异性,二者有一定的区别,对于在加速过程中的非平衡粒子,其能量变化围绕平衡粒子振荡。对于束损,通过限制粒子的运动时间,轴向位移加快计算效率,加入电极碰撞的判定使模拟更趋近实际情况。     

Study on Combined Method Based on 3-D ESPI

The finite element method (FEM),whether the calculation is accurate or not,depends closely on object boundary condition.If the three dimensional displacement of the object obtained in experiment is regarded as its boundary condition,a new method combining the results of experiment and calculation,called combined method (CM),is formed.The combined method possess advantages of experiment and calculation.It can correct calculation and improve the accuracy of FEM.Accordingly it has more practicability.In this paper,the three dimensional displacement fields of a typical beam loaded at three points are tested by using 3-D electric speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI).Using the experimental results as boundary condition the whole three-dimensional displacement fields can be calculated by FEM.The beam′s three-dimensional displacement fields obtained by FEM agree very well with those obtained by experiment.This proves that the combined method is effective and practicable.     

Study on Combined Method Based on 3-D ESPI

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基于发射率缓变特性的光谱发射率反演研究

发射率是辐射测温的重要参数,基于普朗克定律,针对辐射测温中n个方程,n+1个未知数这一病态方程组问题,利用发射率的缓变特性提出一种新的计算方法,以此来减少未知数的个数,简化计算过程。对该计算方法进行了理论及实验验证。结果表明无论是基于理论热辐射谱还是实验数据,均能反演出与材料发射率线形一致的发射率谱及材料真实温度,当T=1 173 K时,反演所得温差最大13 K,发射率的最大绝对误差0.05;且缓变程度越大,波长间隔越小,计算的准确度越高。所述方法可应用于基于多光谱数据提取温度和发射率。     

C型臂造影系统成像模型和运动模型标定方法研究

C型臂数字造影系统成像原理与相机成像原理类似,但自身机械结构导致其内参随方位改变而变化.提出了一种利用系统提供的方位参数直接计算成像系统内参和外参的新方法,该方法建立在造影系统成像特点和C型臂运动规律的基础上,并利用计算机视觉中的相关理论进行了描述.根据对精度、复杂度和灵活性的不同要求,提出了三种不同层次的模型,模型1用于计算一组特定方位下的系统内参和外参,模型2用于计算发射源到像增强器的距离固定时系统的内外参数,模型3用于计算仟意方位下的系统内外参数.实验结果表明模型1的精度达到亚像素级,可以应用于对精度要求较高的场合;模型2和模型3的精度稍低,但具有较好的灵活性.     

基于柱坐标系抛物方程和矩量法的电波传播混合算法

针对包含近源障碍物条件下的电波传播问题,提出了一种新颖的电波传播预测混合建模方法:矩量法(MOM)和圆柱坐标系抛物方程法(PEM)混合建模方法(MOM-PEM);MOM用于包含辐射源和近源障碍物的小圆柱区域内的电波传播建模,PEM用于MOM计算空间外的大区域范围内电波传播建模。MOM和PEM的计算过渡区域进行精细化网格剖分处理以避免场强数值传递的不兼容。仿真模拟了三类近源障碍物存在场景下的电波传播问题:有限开窗屏障碍物、立方体障碍物以及包含辐射源的半封闭空间障碍物,并将混合算法计算得到的结果和相同环境下采用全矩量法计算得到的结果进行了数值对比,结果表明混合算法和矩量法在精度上吻合较好。     

人工神经网络在HL-2A装置汤姆逊散射数据处理中的应用

人工神经网络是一种强大的非线性数据分析算法,其中的感知器神经网络第一次被用于处理HL-2A装置上汤姆逊散射系统的电子温度数据。采用输入层、隐藏层和输出层等三层神经网络结构,输入层为标定数据或测量数据,隐藏层使用sigmoid函数作为传递函数,输出层为电子温度值。从数据处理结果可以看出,该计算方法与传统的χ2最小值方法计算的结果吻合,能够得到可靠的电子温度数据。而且由于计算温度时采用矩阵计算,计算速度比使用χ2最小值法提高20倍以上,为将来利用汤姆逊散射测量的电子温度数据实现等离子体剖面实时反馈控制提供了可能。     

制冷机驱动控制器中基于dsPIC的SPWM高效生成方法

文中介绍了制冷机驱动控制器中,基于dsPIC6015实现的SPWM数字化逆变控制信号的高效生成方法。阐述了SPWM逆变的基本概念和原理,及基于dsPIC实现下的发生方法和硬件原理、配置方法,以及软件的编写。利用近似值查表法和C语言与汇编混编的方式,对程序进行了优化设计,大大减少了PWM的实时计算量,极大的提高了程序运行速度。采用此种方法设计的程序拥有极高的运行效率和极低的CPU占用率。采用DSP芯片数字化生成SPWM驱动信号,以代替模拟器件的方法具有空间紧凑、可靠性高、波形精度高、编程调整易等特点,对实现红外、超导制冷应用中高温控精度要求和小型化具有较好的工程实用价值。