人体不同组织的拉曼光谱研究

测试了人体甲状腺、卵巢、输卵管、肺、子宫平滑肌、子宫颈等组织的拉曼光谱。结果显示,用氩离子激光514.5 nm激发,人体组织拉曼光谱的荧光背景强,在500～3 500 cm-1范围,肺和宫颈组织未显示特征带,甲状腺和子宫组织则显示了较多的带。在600～1800 cm-1范围,子宫、输卵管组织只显示了类胡萝卜素的拉曼带。正常甲状腺组织的光谱和甲状腺滤泡癌组织的光谱之间显示出明显差异,后者没有呈现1 585和1 634 cm-1特征带;正常肺组织与肺癌组织的拉曼光谱也有较大区别,肺癌组织的光谱强度比正常组织的低得多。拉曼光谱技术在临床医学诊断方面将会发挥重要的作用。     

鼻咽癌离体组织拉曼光谱的测量

拉曼光谱分析技术在探测与组织病理学相关的分子变化方面具有特别的潜力和优势,并且使无损、实时、快速的光学诊断成为可能.采用785 nm半导体激光器,透射式的全息光栅,背向感光、深度耗尽的CCD探测器及特殊设计的光纤拉曼探头构建了一台快速拉曼光谱测试装置.所设计的光纤拉曼探头可在减少荧光信号和瑞利散射影响的同时,最大限度地收集生物组织的拉曼信号,同时解决了平面光栅衍射光束的谱线弯曲问题,提高了仪器的信噪比,使装置具有较高的灵敏度并可快速测量获得人体组织的近红外拉曼信号.通过新鲜猪肉的脂肪和肌肉组织的拉曼光谱信号的检测,验证了测试装置的良好性能; 在此基础上,研究了鼻咽癌组织样品存放时间对拉曼光谱的影响,并在1～5 s时间内快速测量获得了人离体鼻咽癌组织的近红外拉曼光谱.     

肺正常组织与癌变组织的表面增强拉曼光谱

采用共焦显微拉曼光谱进行肺正常组织与癌变组织的表面增强拉曼光谱测试,拉曼位移测试范围为300～1700cm-1 。根据得到的肺正常和癌变组织的表面增强拉曼光谱,对比分析了两者的特点与差异。选取蛋白质主链构象中构象不灵敏的CH₂弯曲振动在1454cm-1的谱线为内标,发现相比肺正常组织,癌变组织蛋白质主链中酰胺Ⅲ和酰胺Ⅰ谱带的有序构象明显减少,对α螺旋和无规则卷曲的损伤比较严重,β回折几乎消失,而骨架C—N,C—C伸缩振动却出现了与前2个谱带截然相反的状况,有序构象显著增加,蛋白质侧链构象变化与主链相比则相对复杂;DNA的骨架磷酸基团、脱氧核糖、磷酸-脱氧核糖和碱基的含量总体呈增加趋势;RNA的情况与DNA类似;磷脂的链内纵向有序性参数明显下降。     

拉曼光谱技术研究男性生殖生育

拉曼光谱通过记录光与物质作用时频率的改变,进而获得物质分子振动、转动信息,从而实现物质分子结构及其变化的检测。相比于常规生化检测分析方法,拉曼光谱技术具有无损、非标记检测及对检测样品要求低等优点。 拉曼光谱技术已广泛应用于生物医学领域的研究,如人体组织、器官、细胞以及人体体液的各种疾病诊断、检测研究。本文主要综述了拉曼光谱技术在人体精液的研究进展,首先介绍了拉曼光谱技术(包含表面增强拉曼光谱)在法医学领域针对精液整体开展的研究及相关的数据处理方法,然后重点介绍拉曼光谱在男性生殖生育方面的研究,即分别介绍了可客观反映精液质量及男性生殖生育能力的基于精液(精浆)拉曼光谱的定性和定量检测分析;另外,介绍了基于显微拉曼光谱技术开展的单精子水平的精子质量的刻画和评估,以及目前研究初步获得的有望用于优质精子判别的拉曼光谱标记指标,最后展望了拉曼光谱技术在生殖生育领域的应用发展前景。     

应用SERS滤纸基底快速检测朱砂中违禁染料的研究

本文通过将银纳米颗粒组装于滤纸作为SERS信号增强基底,对朱砂中违禁染料808猩红进行了快速检测。利用密度泛函理论计算了808猩红的理论拉曼光谱,并结合实测拉曼光谱,对808猩红的拉曼特征峰进行谱峰归属。通过将银纳米颗粒利用液-液界面自组装技术组装于滤纸上,制备得到SERS滤纸基底,并测试了基底的信号重复性。利用SERS滤纸基底对朱砂中808猩红进行检测,实验结果显示808猩红的最低检测限为0. 05!g/m L,在0. 05～1!g/m L浓度范围内,808猩红的浓度与其SERS强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数为R2=0. 98673。该方法简便、快速,可用于对药材中违禁染料的现场检测。     

液芯光纤共振拉曼光谱法检测水中生物分子研究

拉曼光谱是研究水中生物分子重要的有效方法之一,然而由于拉曼散射截面小,特别是水分子的电子激发态能级高,因此水中生物分子的拉曼光谱测量甚为困难。将液芯光纤技术和共振拉曼技术结合起来,可大幅度提高拉曼光谱强度。实验中用可以获得最大的共振拉曼光谱强度的514.5 nm Ar+离子激光激发,分别用石英和Teflon液芯光纤对水中β-胡萝卜素生物分子进行了痕量检测研究。结果表明应用石英液芯光纤和Teflon液芯光纤可分别检测浓度为10-7～10-9mol·L-1和10-9～10-10mol·L-1的β-胡萝卜素。     

基于拉曼光谱解析的对二甲苯装置吸附塔循环液成分分析

采用拉曼光谱分析法实现PX(对二甲苯)装置中吸附塔循环液快速、准确的在线分析。由于循环液中各组分的拉曼谱峰相互重叠,且各组分的含量变化范围很大,需要收集大量的训练样本。为此,提出了基于拉曼光谱解析的循环液成分分析方法。首先,要获得循环液所含各组分纯物质的拉曼光谱,以及少量训练样本的拉曼光谱,对这些拉曼光谱进行基线扣除和均值归一化;其次,选取特征波段680～880 cm-1,对每一个训练样本预处理后的拉曼光谱在特征波段进行光谱分解,得到该训练样本中各组分的分解系数;然后,基于全部训练样本各组分的分解系数与对应的浓度数据,建立分解系数与浓度之间的定量分析模型。而对于某一测试样本,先获取其拉曼光谱,进行上述相同的光谱预处理,并在相同的特征波段基于纯组分的拉曼光谱对其进行谱分解,以获得该样本的光谱分解系数;再根据得到的分解系数和上述定量分析的模型,预测出该测试样本中各组分的含量。实验结果表明,一方面,由各纯组分混合得到的训练样本的拉曼光谱可以较精确地分解成各组分的拉曼光谱的线性加权和;另一方面,基于拉曼光谱分解系数建立的定量分析模型可以准确地预测出循环液中各组分的含量,对测试样本中甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯和对二乙基苯含量的标准预测误差分别为0.301%,0.088%,0.563%,0.384%,0.366%和0.536%。为PX装置中吸附塔循环液的在线分析提供了改进方法。     

有孔探针近场拉曼光谱和成像技术进展

基于有孔探针SNOM的近场拉曼光谱和成像技术的出现使得拉曼光谱的分辨率突破了光学衍射极限,从而提供了一个有力的工具对样品亚波长尺度之下的化学信息进行表征。文章讨论了探针性质对实现近场拉曼光谱的影响,并全面地介绍了有孔探针近场拉曼光谱发展十余年来在纳米尺度化学分辨成像、液-液界面性质研究、微观层面解释SERS增强机理、图像化反映SERS热点分布等诸多领域的研究进展。     

拉曼光谱技术在农作物生理信息检测中的研究进展

拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy,RS)是一种散射光谱,具有样品前处理简单、响应速度快、灵敏性高以及原位无损检测等特点。由于拉曼信号具有指纹图谱特性和不受水分信息干扰的优势,其在生物体信息检测方面发挥着重要作用。拉曼光谱成像技术是拉曼光谱技术发展的新方向,其可以同时获取研究对象的空间及光谱信息;显微拉曼光谱技术不仅可以进行分子结构的检测,还能够实现生物组织微区化学成分的空间分布分析。目前,应用拉曼光谱进行农作物生理信息的检测成为学者们的研究热点。本文概述了拉曼光谱的基本原理和分类,并重点介绍了拉曼光谱技术在农作物的生殖与营养器官(种子,花朵,果实和根,茎,叶)中生理信息检测方面的国内外最新研究进展。最后结合国内外研究现状,分析了拉曼光谱在农作物生理信息检测中的局限,并对其的应用前景进行了展望。     

高温高压下干酪根在水中变化的拉曼光谱原位分析

金刚石作为顶砧 ,通过顶砧压腔装置对干酪根在水中的变化进行拉曼光谱的原位分析 ,压力采用常温常压下石英 4 6 4cm-1的拉曼峰确定。在 2 4 0℃之前 ,可得到水、干酪根以及石英清晰的拉曼峰 ,之后 ,由于金刚石的荧光效应 ,使拉曼信号消失。实验中发现 ,温度从最高温度 4 40℃降到 2 4 0℃ ,拉曼光谱图显示干酪根降解生成了有机小分子     

原位低温拉曼光谱技术在储层流体包裹体分析中的应用

准确获取流体包裹体中盐的类型一直是包裹体研究的重要问题。采用原位低温拉曼光谱技术对民丰洼陷深部天然气储层流体包裹体进行了分析。常温拉曼光谱综合分析表明,包裹体中流体为含甲烷的盐水溶液。在—180℃下对包裹体进行了原位低温拉曼光谱分析,结果显示包裹体中含有NaCl,CaCl_2,MgCl_2等盐类,其中以NaCl为主,CaCl_2含量很少,MgCl_2含量极少。根据沉积成岩过程分析了包裹体中流体的成因,解释了储层成岩作用的机理。研究结果表明,原位低温拉曼光谱是获取储层包裹体中流体性质的一种有效方法。在包裹体原位低温拉曼光谱分析技术基础上,结合沉积成岩过程,可以给储层的成岩作用类型和成岩反应机理给出重要证据。     

人体肿瘤组织的拉曼光谱相关系数成像

运用逐点扫描(Scanning)采谱技术,测量了人体乳腺肿瘤组织的阵列拉曼光谱集(Mapping);利用自编的软件,分析和计算了该谱集与参考谱DNA、细胞质等拉曼谱的相关系数;并将其映射为灰度值,构建了点阵的相关系数成像。结果表明,相关系数成像较好地反映了参考谱所代表的生化成分的分布;DNA谱与组织中其他成分谱的相关性很小,因此DNA谱的相关系数成像能够直接地反映成像区域DNA的分布,可信度尤其高。该研究结果为进一步研究乳腺肿瘤的拉曼诊断方法奠定了一定基础。     

低温下单壁碳纳米管拉曼光谱温度效应研究

在单壁碳纳米管的低温拉曼光谱测量过程中,发现径向呼吸模(RBM)和正切拉伸模(GM)的拉曼频移在低温下的温度效应和在高温时的温度效应存在着很大的区别,在低温下拉曼光谱的频移和温度并不呈线性关系。而且,在温度为210K时,单壁碳纳米管内部的振动结构可能发生了变化。在低温下单壁碳纳米管拉曼峰的强度的变化是不可逆的。     

Do formalin fixation and freeze‐thaw affect near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy of cartilaginous tissue? A preliminary ex vivo analysis of native human articular cartilage

Near‐infrared (NIR) Raman microprobe spectroscopy has been applied to the non‐invasive characterization of the biochemical structure of extracellular matrix in articular cartilage, a step forward along the path of in vivo diagnostic application of chondropathy. In most studies handling ex vivo cartilage specimens, formalin fixation or freeze‐thaw treatments have been applied in order to stabilize tissue and cell constituents prior to spectroscopic measurements. However, these pre‐processing manipulations might significantly affect certain target bands of the cartilage spectra, thus introducing biases in the characterizations, and potentially leading to data misinterpretation. In this study, we evaluated how formalin fixing and freeze‐thaw processes affect Raman spectra from human femur cartilage. Healthy cartilage specimens were fixed/stored either in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution or in a deep freezer set at −80 °C. The results of this study show that formalin fixation significantly affects the NIR Raman spectra of cartilage specimens due to concurrent formalin absorption and water dehydration within both collagen and glycosaminoglycan macromolecules. Water dehydration was also confirmed in the amide I structure in the frozen‐thawed specimen, but to a much lesser extent. Furthermore, soaking the tissues in phosphate‐buffered saline solution minimized the storage‐induced Raman artifacts, but its immersion had limited effectiveness in formalin‐fixed specimens, predominantly due to an overlap of signals from the formalin liquid (i.e. emitting at 1046 and 1492 cm⁻¹). Therefore, to provide a highly accurate biochemical evaluation of extracellular matrix using NIR Raman spectroscopy, freeze‐thaw processes are more suitable for ex vivo samples of human cartilage than formalin fixation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

胃粘膜组织共焦显微拉曼光谱分类研究

采用基于小波变换的光谱去噪和背景扣除预处理技术,对32例(其中:13例正常,19例癌变)胃粘膜组织拉曼光谱进行分析,克服了手动背景扣除的一些缺点,并观察到一些新的光谱特征。基于此,给出能对所有正常组织和癌变组织进行有效分类的特征量和判据。通过研究这些特征量与胃粘膜组织癌变发展阶段之间的定量关系,可望实现胃癌的早期诊断。     

Raman spectroscopic investigation of frozen and deparaffinized tissue sections of pediatric tumors: neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma

Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive technique that can provide information at the molecular level about the biochemicals in tissues. We have investigated the cellular regions in neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma using Raman spectroscopy and compared their spectral characteristics with those of the corresponding normal adrenal gland. Thin sections from both the frozen and the corresponding formalin‐fixed paraffin‐processed (FFPP) tissues were studied in conjunction with the pathological examination of the tissues. Investigation of the spectral data shows that the normal adrenal gland tissues have higher levels of carotenoids, lipids, and cholesterol compared with the neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma frozen tissues. However, in comparison with the frozen tissues, the FFPP tissues show a significant alteration of several biochemicals, including the complete removal of carotenoids, lipids, and cholesterol in the adrenal tissues. A quantitative analysis using chemometric methods of principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis of the Raman spectral data obtained from the frozen tissues show a clear‐cut classification among pathological groups with high sensitivity and specificity. We have validated the classification results of the FFPP tissues against a training set data obtained from the archived FFPP tissues of nine other patients. The validation process correctly identified and grouped the data with the training set of normal adrenal gland (>97% of the time) and neuroblastoma (100% of the time) tissues, whereas the validation was not so strong for ganglioneuroma. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods can be successfully used to distinguish neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma at cellular level in frozen tissue sections. This study also shows that formalin fixation and paraffinization/deparaffinization of tissues can alter their biochemical composition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of molecular images as defined by Raman spectra between normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity

Raman spectroscopy has been effectively applied to clinically differentiate normal and cancerous mucosal tissues. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy provides a tool to better understand the molecular basis for the Raman clinical signal. The objective of the current study was to utilize micro‐Raman spectroscopy to define the molecular/spectral differences between normal and abnormal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in oral mucosa (in vitro). Understanding this may help in identifying unique spectra or may be useful for in vivo application of this technology. Micro‐Raman (confocal) spectroscopy was used to obtain molecular images of normal and SCC cells of human oral mucosa. Four fresh flashed‐frozen tumor and four matched normal tongue specimens were studied. The spectra covered a wavenumber range from 300 to 4000 cm⁻¹ with a spectral resolution of 8 cm⁻¹ and a spatial resolution of 1.0 µm. The cells were located within thin sections of tongue mucosa biopsies. The excitation wavelength of 515 nm was used. We were able to obtain Raman images with rich information about the spectroscopic and structural features within the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cell nuclei. Significant spectral differences were observed between the Raman images of normal and malignant squamous cells. The heterogeneity of tumor cells within the abnormal tissue was also demonstrated. Spectral differences demonstrated between both tissue types have provided important information regarding the origins of specific signals within the cells of each tissue type. In our search for specific spectral biomarkers, we believe that a cell surface protein, greatly upregulated in SCC cells, was discovered at 1583 cm⁻¹. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optical Observation of Lung Cancer With Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared Microscope (ATR-FTIR) and Confocal Raman Microscope

ABSTRACT

Optical observation of lung cancer tissues using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared microscope (ATR-FTIR) and confocal Raman microscope were performed. A total of six malignant tissues, seven tissues adjacent to cancer, and nine normal tissues from nine patients with known lung cancer were studied. High-quality spectra from human tissues were obtained only in a few seconds. The results revealed that some of the spectral characteristics varied significantly between normal and malignant tissues, that is, IR peak positions, Raman shift, and the spectral intensities. Differences in positions of 10 main peaks in IR shifts and 13 main peaks in Raman shifts were listed, and the intensity changes were also studied between the malignant and normal tissues. The ratios of 1453-cm^?1/1645-cm^?1 intensity in IR spectrum and 1245-cm^?1/1571-cm^?1 intensity in Raman spectrum were found with the most significant difference (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05 separately) in statistics and may be used in combination to differentiate the normal and malignant tissues. ATR-FTIR spectrum and Raman spectrum were mutually complementary in the observation of many materials and were both found with high sensitivities and spatial resolutions in the observation of human tissues. This study will be helpful to developing rapid and accurate cancer detection techniques in future clinical diagnosis.     

低温拉曼光谱分析流体包裹体盐度的条件约束

流体包裹体盐度及类型是分析地质流体作用的重要地球化学参数。NaCl-H₂O体系是地质体中最常见的流体体系之一,其盐度通常由显微测温法获得,而盐水合物的低温拉曼光谱不仅可以用来计算流体包裹体盐度,还可以区分盐水类型。理论上讲,低温冷冻条件下的流体包裹体并非均匀体系,单一测点的拉曼光谱具有较强的局限性,由其计算的盐度并不能代表整个流体包裹体的盐度。为了更好地了解低温条件下流体包裹体的相变特征及其拉曼光谱对盐度的响应,本文通过配置五种不同浓度的NaCl溶液,研究了其在低温下的结晶过程及拉曼光谱特征。结果显示,在反复冷冻与升温过程中,冰晶首先形成,而水石盐的形成依赖于盐溶液的浓缩,多形成于冰晶间的缝隙中。水石盐的四个拉曼特征峰中,p₁[(3 402±1) cm-1]和p₂[(3 419±1) cm-1]相对强度稳定,p₃[(3 432±2) cm-1]和p₄[(3 535±4) cm-1]相对强度随盐度增加发生大幅度变化,从而导致相同盐度样品不同测点的拉曼特征比值随盐度增加而愈发离散。因此,传统的流体包裹体单一测点低温拉曼测盐误差较大,数据分析显示多点测试统计平均值才能更好的反映流体的真实盐度。相对于强度和半高宽,总峰面积与盐度相关性最好,是计算盐度的首选参数。该研究阐述了低温拉曼测盐的实验操作和数据处理方法,并阐明了其在流体包裹体分析中的应用条件。尽管操作过程较复杂,但其抗干扰强,应用盐度范围广,计算结果可靠,是重要的测盐方法。     

乳腺组织的拉曼光谱线性模型研究

本研究甄选10个代表乳腺组织拉曼活性成分的基谱,在国内首次构建一种乳腺组织拉曼谱的线性回归模型。用2 000多个正常和非正常乳腺组织拉曼谱对该模型进行统计检验,模型显著性F检验的置信度全部为1,多元决定系数的平均值为0.95,表明线性模型假设成立、拟合效果良好。10个基谱代表脂肪、细胞质、细胞间质、DNA、血液、β-胡萝卜素、胆固醇等的拉曼谱,基谱的归一化拟合系数间接反映出这些成分的相对含量。用该模型拟合正常和肿瘤乳腺组织的拉曼宏观谱,病变前后细胞质和DNA的拟合系数增大、脂肪拟合系数减小,这反映出它们相对含量的增减,与已知的病理学结果一致。该研究有助于理解乳腺肿瘤组织的生化变化,并可能为分析该变化提供了有效手段。