水质COD测定方法的改进研究

国标GB 11914–1989测定水质COD的方法存在分析时间长、工作量大、能耗高,毒性大,且易造成二次污染的缺点,因此在国家标准的基础上对各实验条件进行优化改进。针对国标方法中的溶液酸体系、回流时间、催化剂、氧化剂4个因素,设计了三因素三水平和一因素两水平的混合正交实验方案来研究改进COD的测定方法。结果表明,当氧化剂为重铬酸钾,回流时间为40 min,硫酸与磷酸的体积比为3∶1,催化剂为硫酸银–硫酸铜(质量比为1∶1)时即为测定水质COD的最优条件。改进后的方法对水样COD测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.79%(n=5),对COD标准物质测定结果的相对误差为–0.26%。改进后的方法准确度高、试剂能耗成本降低、分析时间缩短三分之二。     

三价铬对COD测定中Cl~–干扰的抑制

测定含氯量高而化学需氧量较低的水样时,在消解过程中利用含Cr3+的硫酸银–硫酸试剂代替国标法中的硫酸银–硫酸试剂,结果表明,用改进法测定含氯且低COD的水样时,Cl–的干扰小于国标法;测定无氯或含氯且COD大于375 mg/L的水样,两种方法测定结果几乎无差别。测定COD 100 mg/L,Cl–质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的水样,相对偏差由国标法的25.8%下降到8.4%;改进法测定COD 100 mg/L,Cl–质量浓度分别为2 000,3 000,5 000mg/L的水样,相对偏差分别为6.3%,11.4%,15.0%,均优于含氯1 000 mg/L国标法测定结果。改进法在COD测定下限的氧化电位相当于国标法测定的COD上限电位,测定上限的氧化电位比国标法下降了0.008 3 V。该方法用于测定含氯高的低COD水样,可抑制Cl–的干扰,提高测量结果的准确度。     

臭氧的制备与性质研究实验设计与实践

在自行研制的臭氧分流式供气实验装置上,以有机磷农药草甘膦为对象,设计了一套研究臭氧氧化性能的教学实验方案。实验内容包括臭氧发生量的测定、草甘膦降解产物正磷酸根离子的测定、草甘膦的转化率计算以及草甘膦转化率随氧化反应时间的变化曲线的绘制。通过实验,学生能深刻认识和掌握臭氧的氧化性能及其研究方法。该研究型实验设计新颖、实用,已经成功用于本科生环境化学教学实验。     

快速消解分光光度法测定高氯废水中低浓度化学需氧量

建立快速消解分光光度法检测高氯废水中低浓度化学需氧量(COD)的方法。通过提高催化液中硫酸银的浓度(46 g/L)充分络合氯离子,同时降低消解液中重铬酸钾的浓度至0.061 2 mol/L来抑制重铬酸钾与氯离子的反应,达到有效消除Cl~–干扰的目的。水样在165℃消解30 min,于600 nm波长检测吸光度,标准曲线法计算COD。实验结果表明,水样中COD质量浓度为20 mg/L时,2 000 mg/L的Cl~–不干扰COD的测定(相对误差小于10%),并且随着COD质量浓度的增加,Cl~–产生的干扰误差逐渐降低。对国家环境保护部标准样品进行了测定,COD测定值与标准值一致。样品加标回收率为97.0%~103.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.01%~6.33%(n=6)。该法快速,有毒试剂用量小,成本低,具有较高的准确度和良好的精密度,可以用于多数工业废水中COD的测定。     

二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定废水的化学需氧量

用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水样消解反应后剩余的六价铬,通过空白消解溶液中六价铬的质量与样品消解溶液中六价铬的质量之差,可以计算出水样的COD值。本方法操作简单、抗干扰性强,检出限为20 mg/L,适用于COD小于1 000 mg/L的水样测定。     

无汞盐密封法测定高氯浓度水样的化学需氧量

提出了一种以重铬酸钾为氧化剂,以6%硫酸银代替硫酸汞作为掩蔽-催化剂消除高氯离子干扰,测定化学需氧量(COD)的无汞密封新方法。研究了反应温度、反应时间和硫酸银浓度等测定条件。该法可以避免汞盐对环境的污染,适合测定多种类型的水样。该法测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.4%(n=8),平均加标回收率为98.5%.     

光催化氧化法测定地表水化学需氧量的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法在石英管上制备了纳米TiO₂膜, 并采用光催化氧化法建立了一种测定地表水化学需氧量(COD)的新方法. 以Ce(IV)作为纳米TiO₂光生电子的接受体, 从而减少了纳米TiO₂光生电子和光生空穴的复合, 提高纳米TiO₂的光催化氧化能力. 以测定Ce(IV)的紫外吸收为手段探讨了光催化氧化测定COD的机理, 考察了测定COD的最佳反应条件. 实验结果表明, 该方法条件温和, 不会造成二次污染, 能够实现地表水等低COD值水样的快速准确测定. 在该实验所选择的条件下, 可准确地测定1.0～12 mg?L^－1之间的COD值, 检测限为0.4 mg?L^－1.     

近红外光谱法快速测定水体有机污染物的方法研究

有机污染物是水体主要污染物之一,急需建立简单快速无污染的监测技术。本文将近红外光谱技术应用于水体有机污染物的测定,建立化学需氧量(COD)和生化需氧量(BOD5)的分析方法。结果表明,采用偏最小二乘算法、以近红外光谱的一阶导数谱建立的分析模型对水样COD和BOD5的测定均取得较好的效果。该分析模型对水样COD和BOD5的预测值和标准值之间的相关系数分别达到0.991和0.998,校正集的均方根偏差(RMSEC)相当于水样平均COD和BOD5值的4.3%和1.9%,满足日常监测的需要。分析模型对预测集样品的均方根偏差与RMSEC接近,表明该分析模型具有较好的适用性。采用近红外光谱法测定水体COD和BOD5等有机物指标结果可靠,为水体有机物污染的快速测定提供了一种可行的分析技术。     

双中间体库仑法测定化学耗氧量

本文研究了一种测定水样中化学耗氧量(COD)的新方法——双中间体库仑法(以下简称(DIC法)。方法基于在1.2M HNO_3和1.5M H_2SO_4混合介质中。电生CeⅣ作氧化剂以消化水样样品,过量的CeⅣ以电生FeⅡ反滴,根据所消耗的电生CeⅣ的时间而算出COD值。并将该法与高锰酸钾标准方法进行了比较。文中还对电生CⅣ和FeⅡ的电流效率以及影响电流效率的因素进行了讨论;也对某些纯有机化合物的COD值及氯离子对测定COD的影响进行了研究。DIC法操作简便、快速、重现性好,便于仪器化,可用于测定天然水及任何污水样品的COD。     

无汞高银低压消解法与氯气校正法测定高氯水体中化学需氧量的比较研究

建立了适合于水和废水中COD测定的新方法--无汞高银低压消解法,以高氯水样为例,对样品中COD含量进行了测定,并与氯气校正法进行了比较验证.结果表明,测定高氯水样中COD,无汞高银低压消解法优于氯气校正法,具有操作简单、测定快速、结果准确、减少二次污染、设备通用等特点.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。