乙烯基单体正离子聚合中链增长速率常数的研究进展

碳正离子聚合中,聚合速率常数的测定方法通常包括电导法、绝热量热法、胺抑制法、止流光谱法及扩散计时法。在烷基乙烯基醚、苯乙烯及其衍生物和异丁烯等几种常见乙烯基单体的正离子聚合中,本文介绍不同测定方法得到的不同结构碳正离子(包括自由离子和离子对)的链增长速率常数(kp 和kp±)。     

TiCl_4共引发异丁烯正离子聚合合成反应活性聚异丁烯

由H2O/TiCl4/甲醇或乙醚体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷与己烷混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合,探讨甲醇用量、聚合时间等因素对正离子聚合以及产物分子量、分子量分布和末端基结构的影响,并在此基础上探讨TiCl4共引发混合C4馏分中异丁烯选择性正离子聚合以制备活性聚异丁烯的可行性.结果表明,含氧试剂对聚合反应起到明显的调节作用,可适当稳定碳正离子活性中心,降低链增长速率,降低聚合产物的分子量(Mn=1600~4600),使分子量分布明显变窄(Mw/Mn=1.35~2.05),并可调节大分子链末端基结构及其含量.降低聚合体系中微量单体浓度以及适当延长聚合反应时间,均有利于提高聚异丁烯大分子链末端α-双键结构含量.通过TiCl4共引发异丁烯正离子聚合制备出末端α-双键含量可以达到70%以上的低分子量高反应活性聚异丁烯.此外,该引发体系还可引发混合C4馏分原料中异丁烯进行高选择性正离子聚合,得到Mn=2000、Mw/Mn=2.59、端基α-双键含量为38.9%的聚异丁烯.     

烯烃可控/活性正离子聚合新方法与新工艺及其应用

<正>离子聚合是高分子科学中重要的聚合方法之一,也是制备聚异丁烯或丁基橡胶等关键材料不可或缺的聚合方法.本文总结了异丁烯、苯乙烯及其衍生物等单体可控/活性正离子聚合的新引发体系、聚合反应特征的调节与转化、水相介质中正离子聚合新方法与新工艺、微观分子混合与正离子聚合新工艺及其用于设计合成异丁烯基聚合物.这些方法与技术是发展高效节能与绿色减排先进聚合物生产技术的重要途径,部分研究成果已在产业化中得到应用与验证.发展可控/活性正离子聚合新体系、新方法与新工艺,为实现绿色低碳高分子化工过程及相关产品工程(新结构、新功能、高性能与高品质)提供了新思路与新技术.     

控制异丁烯阳离子聚合终止方式的新方法—活性中心转化法

控制异丁烯阳离子聚合终止方式的新方法──活性中心转化法曹宪一，王强，武冠英（北京化工大学高分子材料研究所，北京，１０００２９）关键词异丁烯，阳离子聚合，活性中心转化自八十年代中期Ｈｉｇａｓｈｉｍｕｒａ及Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙ等人陆续发现乙烯基醚类单体及异丁烯...     

烯烃可控聚合及其大分子工程

聚烯烃材料如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚异丁烯、乙丙橡胶或丁基橡胶等,在国民经济和日常生活中发挥着重要作用.通过可控聚合反应可以实现制备高性能烯烃聚合物材料及不同微观结构、序列结构及拓扑结构的烯烃基高分子材料.本文综述了近年来通过乙烯/丙烯配位共聚制备乙丙共聚物及通过异丁烯正离子聚合制备聚异丁烯和丁基橡胶领域的研究进展,总结了在齐格勒-纳塔催化剂、茂金属催化剂及非茂单活性中心钒催化剂催化乙烯/丙烯共聚方面的进展,论述了异丁烯单体可控/活性正离子聚合新引发体系、可控/活性聚合反应调控、聚合新方法与新工艺,归纳了基于烯烃可控聚合的大分子工程.     

活性正离子聚合制备聚(异丁烯-b-α-甲基苯乙烯)嵌段共聚物

以2-氯-2,4,4-三甲基戊烷(TMPCl)/TiCl4/质子捕捉剂(DtBP)为引发剂体系,引发异丁烯聚合,随后加入1,1-二(4-甲基苯基)乙烯作为封端剂稳定末端碳正离子,再引入四异丙醇钛(Ti(OiPr)4),降低Lewis酸性,继续引发α-甲基苯乙烯聚合,实现活性正离子聚合制备聚(异丁烯-b-α-甲基苯乙烯)嵌段共聚物.考察了α-甲基苯乙烯聚合时间对单体转化率、产物的dn/dc值、分子量及其分布的影响以及四异丙醇钛对聚合速率的影响.并通过体积排斥色谱法/紫外检测器/示差折光指数/多角激光光散射、1H-NMR以及DSC以对产物进行表征.实验结果表明,嵌段共聚物分子量分布窄(MWD≤1.2),单体转化率与分子量呈线性关系,聚合速率对单体浓度呈一级动力学关系,具有活性聚合的特征.Ti(OiPr)4能有效稳定活性中心,降低聚合速率.聚(异丁烯-b-α-甲基苯乙烯)嵌段共聚物的DSC测试发现明显的两个Tg,表明存在微相分离结构.     

极性/非极性接枝共聚物PVIPA-g-PIB的合成研究

通过自由基共聚合方法,以AIBN为引发剂引发醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)和醋酸异丙烯酯(IPA)共聚,得到两者的无规共聚物聚(PVIPA).再以PVIPA作为大分子引发剂,以四氯化钛(TiCl4)为共引发剂,引发异丁烯进行正离子接枝共聚反应,分别考察了PVIPA/TiCl4/IB体系中TiCl4浓度、大分子引发剂浓度、陈化温度、陈化时间以及外加含氮亲核试剂2,6-二甲基吡啶(DMP)对异丁烯聚合转化率和PVIPA引发效率的影响,并采用GPC表征方法研究了聚合体系中两种引发活性中心(A)和(B)的引发竞争.实验结果表明,在没有外加亲核试剂的情况下,PVIPA与微量水均可参与与TiCl4的络合竞争,分别形成活性中心(A)和(B),并产生竞争引发异丁烯正离子聚合,生成相应的接枝共聚物PVIPA-g-PIB和均聚物PIB.TiCl4和PVIPA用量以及两者的络合作用温度与时间对异丁烯正离子接枝共聚起着重要作用.合适的TiCl4浓度与PVIPA浓度、低的微量水浓度以及在较低温度下使PVIPA与TiCl4充分络合,都有利于提高大分子引发剂PVIPA的引发效率.引发效率可以达到90%左右,并可制备出极性主链与非极性支链的接枝共聚物PVIPA-g-PIB,其GPC谱图呈现单峰分布,分子量分布(Mw/Mn)可达到2.17.此外,在聚合体系中加入适量含氮亲核试剂DMP,一定程度上可以提高PVIPA的引发效率.     

含氮试剂对P-DCC／AICl3引发异丁烯正离子聚合的影响。

以对-二枯基氯（DCC），Alcl，体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷（CH2C12）正己烷（Hex）（40／60，V／V）混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合，探讨了DCC用量、含氮试剂2，6-二叔丁基吡啶（DtBP）和三苯胺（TPA）对异丁烯正离子聚合转化率、产物分子量及其分布的影响．结果表明，DCC和体系中微量水均可与A1C1，产生竞争络合，形成两种活性中心并引起相继的竞争引发，聚合产物的GPC谱图呈双峰分布，分子量分布宽；增加DCC用量有利于DCC与A1C1，的络合，致使链增长反应主要通过DCC与A1C1，络合形成的活性中心引发，但聚合产物分子量相对较低，分子量分布较宽；使用DtBP，可有效地抑制微量水引发及活性链向单体的转移反应，使分子量分布明显变窄，基本实现DCC的控制引发；采用DtBP与TPA共同调节聚合反应，可使聚合产物分子量分布变窄的同时，进一步提高分子量，从而得到相对较高分子量（Mw=103200）和单峰分子量分布（Mw／Mn=2．09）的聚异丁烯产物．     

可控／活性正离子聚合的研究与发展

综述了近二十年来乙烯基单体正离子聚合领域的研究和进展,详细介绍了活性/控制正离子聚合体系的机理研究和新引发体系和水相正离子聚合体系的研究新进展,以及采用活性/控制正离子聚合方法设计合成基于聚异丁烯链段的弹性体材料及其在生物材料领域的应用。     

TiCl4共引发乙烯基单体正离子聚合反应动力学及其机理

TiCl4,共引发异丁烯（1B）或苯乙烯（St）进行正离子聚合，聚合反应速率与共引发剂TICl4之间可呈一级和二级动力学关系，这与TiCl4浓度（[TiCl4]）、单体浓度、亲核试剂的亲核性等多方面因素有关。单分子TiCl4与休眠分子链末端进行离子化反应并产生活性中心碳正离子和反离子TiCl5^-，TiCl5^-与另一个TiCl4分子进一步反应则形成双分子反离子Ti2Cl9^-，导致TiCl4表现为二级动力学关系的机理。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.