氯离子侵蚀下钢筋在混凝土中腐蚀行为的EIS研究

应用电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和氯离子探针技术，研究在氯化物侵蚀作用下混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀行为.结果表明，钢筋混凝土体系的阻抗谱中包含两个时间常数，分别对应于界面的双电层和钢筋表面的混凝土保护层.自行研制的氯离子探针可连续、无损地测量钢筋/混凝土界面的氯离子浓度.根据腐蚀反应电阻Rct、Warburg阻抗等元件参数和界面氯离子浓度的变化，讨论了混凝土中钢筋腐蚀发生、发展各阶段界面化学环境及钢筋腐蚀参数的变化规律.     

ICP-AES法测定混凝土外加剂中微量氯离子

由于Cl^-过量引起混凝土钢筋锈蚀而过早的破坏，已成为世界性问题。混凝土外加剂中微量Cl^-是一个重要指标，准确测定氯离子的含量直接关系到混凝土配比的确定及浇灌后的质量。部颁及行业标准中是采用电化学滴定法和蒸馏法来测定混凝土外加剂的微量Cl^-[1,2]，电化学滴定法对测定干扰大。本文采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法间接测定与微量Cl^-定量反应后剩余的Ag^ 含量，从而换算出Cl^-的含量，经回收验证及比较，证明本法简便、灵敏、快速，切实可行。     

pH/Cl-复合探针技术对钢筋混凝土电化学除氯的原位检测

采用恒电流法电化学除氯处理受氯离子污染的钢筋混凝土试样,并用pH/Cl^-复合探针原位检测电化学除氯过程钢筋混凝土不同位置孔隙液的氯离子含量与pH值分布,同时用线性极化曲线和交流阻抗谱图等电化学技术考察钢筋的腐蚀性能,探讨电化学除氯过程的混凝土微环境和钢筋腐蚀速率. 研究结果表明：在电化学除氯过程,混凝土孔隙液的氯离子浓度逐降,而pH值在初期略有升高,随之其pH值略降;电化学除氯施加的阴极电流,使钢筋处于阴极极化状态而得到保护;除氯停止（即退极化）后钢筋的腐蚀电位明显正移,腐蚀电流降低,极化电阻升高,表明电化学除氯能改善钢筋的腐蚀环境,降低钢筋的腐蚀速率.     

腐蚀介质中混凝土/钢筋界面电极电位分布的立体分析

由于混凝土的隔离和高绝缘性 ,常规的电化学技术、微探针扫描技术均难于获得在腐蚀介质的浸泡下混凝土 /钢筋界面 ,特别是不同深处的混凝土 /钢筋界面的电位分布 .本文提出用阵列电极法并结合电子技术和微机控制技术 ,获得同一水平面上混凝土 /钢筋界面以及不同深处的混凝土 /钢筋界面的电位分布立体信息图 .结果表明 :在NaCl介质中经过一段时间的浸泡 ,混凝土中的钢筋腐蚀可发生并发展 ;而在Na2 SO4 介质中经过一段时间的浸泡 ,虽钢筋腐蚀一般不发生 ,但混凝土可能破坏 .不同深处混凝土 /钢筋界面腐蚀优先发生在混凝土覆盖较浅的部位 .     

硫电极法测定H_2S离解常数的研究

测定平衡常数多采用电导法、冻点法或反应速率法等。用离子选择电极测定平衡常数或离解常数多集中研究各种氟络合物。用硫电极测定平衡常数的工作仅见到测SnS_3~(2-)的平衡常数。我们在对硫电极研究的基础上,用pH玻璃电极测定溶液的pH值,用pS电极测定不同pH值溶液中的[S~(2-)]浓度,根据H_2S在溶液中的平衡理论及硫电极在溶液中的响应特性,找到一种推算H_2S离解常数的途径。     

线性极化方法测量混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀速度(英文)

本文尝试用线性极化的方法对埋置于混凝土内部的钢筋的腐蚀速度进行测量 .自行设计了一组特殊结构的辅助电极 ,制备了不同尺寸和保护层厚度的混凝土试样 .通过改变辅助电极 ,调整电位的分布 ,使线性极化方法的测量误差降低到腐蚀速度测量允许的误差范围内 .确定了两种适用于混凝土中钢筋腐蚀速度测量的辅助电极 .     

干湿循环下混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的电化学检测

应用电化学噪声技术,结合电化学阻抗谱研究了干湿循环条件下3种不同pH值的3.5%NaCl溶液中混凝土钢筋的腐蚀过程.结果表明,钢筋的腐蚀分为3个阶段:钝化膜的溶解期、腐蚀活化期和腐蚀产物的累积期.在pH1的溶液中经过30个干湿循环后主要以均匀腐蚀为主,而对pH3和pH7溶液,则主要以点蚀为主,散粒噪声分析证实了混凝土中钢筋在强酸性溶液中更容易发生腐蚀.电化学阻抗谱分析也进一步说明了混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀经历了3个阶段:第1阶段Nyquist谱图中出现两个时间常数,高频区为混凝土层的容抗性质,低频区为钢筋与混凝土界面的电荷转移电阻;第2阶段,中频区增加一个时间常数,这与腐蚀产物的累积有关;第3阶段,随着腐蚀产物向混凝土中的扩散,中频区容抗弧有所减小,特别是pH1体系,中频弧几乎消失.SEM形貌表征观察到随着溶液酸度的增加钢筋表面的锈层明显增多.     

苯封四聚苯胺/TiO2/ITO薄膜电极光致界面电荷转移

采用水解胶溶法和旋转涂膜法分别制备出TiO2纳米粒子溶胶和TiO2／ITO薄膜,采用浸泡法制备出苯封四聚苯胺（聚苯胺）／TiO2／ITO薄膜电极．利用表面光电压谱、光致循环伏安和光电流作用谱测定了TiO2的禁带宽度和表面态能级、聚苯胺的HOMO-LUMO能级宽度和双极化子能级,确定了聚苯胺／TiO2／ITO薄膜电极能带结构,进一步分析了聚苯胺／TiO2／ITO薄膜电极的光电转换特性及光致界面电荷转移的机理。     

基于稀土铕离子配合物的时间分辨荧光pH探针的合成及应用

以4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲哆啉(母体)和2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮为协同剂和β-二酮配体,合成了一种稀土三元铕离子配合物,其荧光寿命为0.544 0 ms,并以其为荧光探针对水环境的pH进行时间分辨荧光测定。荧光探针的时间分辨荧光强度在pH 7.00~8.95时达到最大值并保持较好的稳定性;在pH小于7.00和pH大于8.95时,荧光探针的时间分辨荧光强度随着pH变化而变化;在pH 2.50~7.00和pH 9.91~14.00时,荧光探针的时间分辨荧光猝灭率与pH呈线性关系。溶解氧浓度和离子强度变化对pH测定结果无影响。采用荧光探针测定实际水样的pH,结果与玻璃电极的测定结果相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)在4.3%~8.1%之间。     

玻碳电极阳极溶出法测定高纯铝中PPb级杂质锌

高纯铝中ppm级锌杂质的测定,现都采用酸分解试样后转化成pH约3.5的三氯化铝溶液,而后直接用悬汞电极或铂球镀银沾汞电极阳极溶出伏安法进行测定。在该底液中测定锌,氢离子浓度控制甚严,否则将干扰锌的测定。特别对于高纯铝中ppb级杂质锌的测定,即使底液中微量的氢离子存在,亦使锌波波底平直不易测量,产生严重的干扰。本试验利用玻璃碳电极导电性好、灵敏度高和氢的超电势高等优点,用二硫腙-四氯化碳溶液萃取分离铝基体及试样中共存的干扰杂质元素,同时对锌进行富集,而后在乙酸钠底液中用阳极溶出伏安法进行测定,解决了在一般     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.