镍盐前驱体对Ni/C催化剂乙醇气相羰化活性的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了分别以乙酰丙酮镍、氯化镍、硝酸镍和醋酸镍为前驱体负载在活性炭上的四种催化剂。用BET、金属分散度、H2-TPR、CO-TPD和XRD等方法研究了四种催化剂的结构特点和乙醇气相羰化活性。结果表明,以醋酸镍制备的Ni/C催化剂的羰化活性最高,乙醇转化率和丙酸选择性分别为96.1%和95.7%,而以乙酰丙酮镍制备的Ni/C催化剂的羰化活性最低,乙醇转化率和丙酸选择性分别为68.9%和27.1%。这种活性的差异与镍盐前驱体和活性炭之间的相互作用强弱有着密切关系。醋酸镍组分与活性炭之间的相互作用较强,浸渍组分易在活性炭表面充分吸附,活性中心Ni0在240－340 ℃温度范围内对CO吸附量最大,还原后金属镍的分散度较好且晶粒较小。     

Ni-M(M=Cu，Zn，Ce)/C双金属催化剂上的乙醇气相羰化

利用等体积浸渍法制备了NiM_0.2(M=Cu, Zn, Ce)/C双金属催化剂及Ni/C催化剂,考察了其乙醇气相羰化制丙酸的活性。结果表明,4种催化剂的活性大小顺序为NiCe_0.2/C＞Ni/C＞NiCu_0.2/C＞NiZn_0.2/C,催化剂NiCe_0.2/C的羰化活性最高,乙醇转化率和丙酸的选择性分别为98.0%和95.1%,而催化剂NiZn_0.2/C的羰化活性最低,乙醇转     

制备因素对Ni/C催化剂上乙醇气相羰基化反应性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备负载型Ni/C催化剂,考察了制备因素对乙醇直接气相羰基化反应的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂最佳制备因素为,Ni的质量分数为5%,活性炭采用水洗预处理,控制浸渍液的pH值为8.0～9.0,焙烧温度为450℃,H₂还原温度为400℃。采用上述参数制备的Ni/C催化剂,其乙醇转化率和丙酸选择性分别为96.14%和95.71%。利用N₂物理吸附法研究载体预处理对催化剂比表面积、孔容及孔径的影响和X射线衍射法(XRD)研究了活性组分在惰性气氛中焙烧时的分散状况。     

硅胶担载离子液体催化剂的制备及其在由胺制二取代脲反应中的应用

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硅胶负载Rh(PPh3)3Cl-离子液体催化剂Rh-DMImBF4/SiO2-gel,并对其催化胺类化合物氧化羰化制二取代脲反应的活性进行了考察. 结果表明,该催化体系对胺类化合物氧化羰化制二取代脲反应具有较高的催化活性,产物分离简单,催化剂易回收且具有较好的重复使用性能. 以氧为氧化剂时,苯胺转化率可达95%,脲的选择性可达98%以上. 以硝基苯为氧化剂时,苯胺转化率为93%,硝基苯转化率为92%,脲的选择性为98%以上,转化频率均超过11000 mol/(mol·h). 此外,还制备了Co-DMImBF4/SiO2-gel,Pd-DMImBF4/SiO2-gel和Ru-DMImBF4/SiO2-gel等催化剂,并对其催化氧化羰化胺类化合物的性能进行了考察.     

Pd(PPh3)2Cl2CuCl2/AC催化乙醇氧化羰化合成碳酸二乙酯

采用浸渍法制备了乙醇直接气相氧化羰化合成碳酸二乙酯的负载型催化剂，并在连续流动固定床反应装置上评价了催化剂的反应活性，考察了催化剂活性组分、载体、活性组分负载量等因素对催化反应活性的影响。结果表明，活性炭是较好的载体，CuCl2是较好的铜盐前驱体，添加了Pd(PPh3)2Cl2的CuCl2/AC催化剂活性更高。当Cu负载量为9.0%，Pd负载量为0.5%时，催化剂的活性较好。在优化的催化剂制备条件下，乙醇的转化率超过30%，碳酸二乙酯（DEC）的选择性达到95%。     

有机蒙脱土负载镍催化剂上乙醇重整制氢

采用浸渍法制备了有机改性蒙脱土(OMt)负载的Ni/有机蒙脱土(Ni/OMt)催化剂,用于乙醇重整制氢;通过XRD、FT-IR、H₂-TPR、SEM、XPS和氮吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,与未改性的蒙脱土负载的Ni催化剂(Ni/MMT)相比,有机改性可显著提高其比表面积、孔容和金属Ni的分散度,降低碳沉积量,改善Ni/MMT催化剂的稳定性。Ni/OMt催化剂表现出较高的乙醇重整制氢催化性能,在773K下反应30 h,乙醇转化率保持在100%,氢气选择性为70%;而Ni/MMT催化剂在反应10 h即开始失活,碳沉积严重,同时产生副产物乙烯和乙醛。使用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性可促进Ni高分散在MMT层板上,抑制积炭对活性金属Ni包裹,提高其乙醇重整氢气选择性、降低乙烯和乙醛的选择性。     

有机蒙脱土负载镍催化剂上乙醇重整制氢（英文）

采用浸渍法制备了有机改性蒙脱土(OMt)负载的Ni/有机蒙脱土(Ni/OMt)催化剂,用于乙醇重整制氢;通过XRD、FT-IR、H2-TPR、SEM、XPS和氮吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,与未改性的蒙脱土负载的Ni催化剂(Ni/MMT)相比,有机改性可显著提高其比表面积、孔容和金属Ni的分散度,降低碳沉积量,改善Ni/MMT催化剂的稳定性。Ni/OMt催化剂表现出较高的乙醇重整制氢催化性能,在773 K下反应30 h,乙醇转化率保持在100%,氢气选择性为70%;而Ni/M M T催化剂在反应10 h即开始失活,碳沉积严重,同时产生副产物乙烯和乙醛。使用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性可促进Ni高分散在MMT层板上,抑制积炭对活性金属Ni包裹,提高其乙醇重整氢气选择性、降低乙烯和乙醛的选择性。     

催化剂Ni/Y2O3上低温乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究——氢气预还原对催化剂性能的影响

用浸渍－热分解－氢还原法(IHDHR)和浸渍－热分解法(IHD)分别制备了两种纳米尺寸的Ni/Y2O3催化剂，并应用X-光电子能谱、X-射线衍射、BET比表面测试等分析技术对两种催化剂的结构进行了表征和比较。采用固定床反应器对两种催化剂的催化性能进行实验测试。结果表明，氢气预还原与否对该纳米Ni/Y2O3催化剂的催化性能有一定的影响，经过氢气预还原的催化剂对低温乙醇水蒸气重整反应表现出较高的活性和稳定性，250?℃时，乙醇的转化率达到81.9%；320 ℃时，乙醇的转化率达到95.3%，对氢气的选择性为53.6%。对经过氢预还原的Ni/Y2O3催化剂进行了60 h的稳定性测试。     

Ni-Fe/La2O2CO3催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢的研究

采用La2(CO3)3空气焙烧法制备了La2O2CO3载体、采用浸渍法制备了Ni,Fe不同比例的Ni-Fe双金属催化剂及Ni/La2O2CO3,Fe/La2 O2 CO3催化剂,考察了各催化剂从300～700℃催化乙醇水蒸气重整反应的性能,并用BET,XRD,TPR等技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,相对单一金属催化剂,Ni-Fe双金属催化剂均表现出更高的活性,这可能是因为高分散的Ni,Fe和LaFeyNi1-yO3的共存作用。其中Ni含量为10%,Fe含量为5%时的Ni-Fe/La2O2CO3表现出最高的活性,400℃时乙醇的转化率为100%,H2的选择性最高达到94.1%,而CO的选择性则低至1.2%。     

四氯化碳液相催化加氢制氯仿多元金属催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以贵金属M(=Pd,Pt)为主要活性成分,掺加过渡金属Fe和Ni作为助剂,采取浸渍和氢气还原法制备了椰壳活性炭(ACcs)负载的单元金属(M/ACcs)、二元金属(M-Ni/ACcs、M-Fe/ACcs)和三元金属(M-Ni-Fe/ACcs)系列催化剂;通过CC_l4液相催化加氢制氯仿反应考察了这些催化剂的催化活性和选择性。结果表明,Pd基催化剂的催化活性明显高于Pt基催化剂,但后者对氯仿的选择性优于前者;在前5 h加氢反应时段,两系列催化剂的活性顺序为:Pd-Ni-Fe/ACcsPd-Fe/ACcsPd/ACcsPd-Ni/ACcs和Pt/ACcs≈Pt-Fe/ACcsPt-Ni/ACcsPt-Ni-Fe/ACcs;总体上,引入Fe对于催化性能的改善效果要优于Ni,Ni的单独引入则会不同程度地降低催化活性。综合考量成本、活性和选择性等因素,优选Pd-Ni-Fe/ACcs作为催化剂,在393 K下反应5 h,可实现CC_l497.6%的转化率以及接近100%氯仿的选择性。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。