微纳电流表的设计与制作

利用集成运放的方法,设计了一个微纳电流的制取和测量方案并搭建了实验装置。在自制装置的基础上,用高精度的标准电阻和纳伏表对装置进行了对比测试,测试结果表明,装置的测量结果与纳伏表的测量结果非常接近,且测量的精度可达纳安量级,可靠性和稳定性都达到了实验预期。     

在托卡马克装置杂散磁场下未中性化离子偏转轨道的计算与分析

本文给出了在托卡马克装置杂散磁场下中性束注入器内未中性化离子偏转轨道的计算结果,并分析了在装置的中性束注入器上实现的可能性。     

慢正电子束产生实验

本文介绍一台慢正电子束装置。在该装置上我们用W慢化体产生慢正电子,测量了慢正电子能谱,并和在该装置上用Ni+Mgo慢化体所得结果进行了比较。 关键词：     

“用单摆测重力加速度”实验教具优化研究

通过分析"用单摆测量重力加速度的大小"实验中摆长、摆角、摆线与摆球等因素对实验结果精度的影响,探讨了传统实验装置的不足,在此基础上设计并制作了可用于测量重力加速度的双线摆装置,并对装置的构成与应用进行了详细阐述.     

真空室材料二次电子产额特性研究

设计了针对加速器真空室材料样品的二次电子产额测试装置.对测试装置的设计及测试过程进行了详细介绍,并给出了常见真空室材料的二次电子产额测试结果以及不锈钢材料在经过镀TiN薄膜处理前后的测试对比结果,分析了影响二次电子产额的一些因素,为真空室的表面处理提供了依据.     

真空室材料二次电子产额特性研究

设计了针对加速器真空室材料样品的二次电子产额测试装置. 对测试装置的设计及测试过程进行了详细介绍, 并给出了常见真空室材料的二次电子产额测试结果以及不锈钢材料在经过镀~TiN~薄膜处理前后的测试对比结果, 分析了影响二次电子产额的一些因素, 为真空室的表面处理提供了依据.     

微重力下套管式蓄冰器的充释冷特性分析

提出了一种可用于航天器热控系统的套管式蓄冰装置,采用热焓法对蓄冷装置的充释冷特性进行了数值模拟,给出了蓄冰装置在充释冷过程中蓄冷介质温度、结融冰厚度和对应充释冷功率随时间的变化,并对不同参数下的计算结果进行了分析比较,可为蓄冷装置的优化设计提供参考。     

静电场描绘装置的改进

阐述了利用水作导电介质对静电场描绘装置的改进结果． 测试情况表明, 使用改进后的装置, 操作更简便直观, 测试结果较精确．     

大口径光学系统测试用双回转子孔径扫描装置设计与误差分析

设计了一种新颖的双回转子孔径扫描装置,得到了可以覆盖大口径光学系统全口径的子孔径扫描光斑,从而满足了大口径光学系统光谱透射特性的测试需求.结合双回转扫描装置的结构参数误差,基于齐次坐标变换矩阵原理,建立了双回转扫描装置的数学模型,提出了一套分析子孔径扫描精度的方法,并且在设计双回转子孔径扫描装置中实现了应用.分析结果表...     

基于DISLab平抛运动实验的改进

利用＂数字信息系统实验室＂（DISLab）对物体的平抛运动进行了实验研究,并针对实验装置中存在问题提出了改进方案,最后将改进后的实验装置与原实验装置的实验结果进行比较研究,结果表明改进后的实验装置明显地提高了测量精度。     

Electroluminescence of Thin Films of Organic Compounds (Review)

This paper is a brief review of investigations on the electroluminescence of organic compounds. It considers the background of the problem, the organic electroactive materials, the structures based on them and the technology of their preparation, the main physical characteristics of electroluminescence (spectra, polarization, volt-luminance and volt-ampere characteristics, kinetics, temperature dependence, quenching, efficiency and operation time, and ways of increasing them). A brief analysis of the investigations on injection of charge carriers, their transport, and the formation of excited states of molecules as well as applications and prospects of development of organic electroactive materials and structures is carried out.     

基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测研究进展

为保证食品安全和消费者健康,无损检测技术广泛应用于果蔬质量检测中。光谱和图像技术可分别获取果蔬的内部和外部信息,成为质量检测的有效工具。为跟踪国内外研究进展并分析研究现况,从果蔬外部品质(尺寸、形状、表面缺陷、颜色、纹理等)、内部品质(内部缺陷、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、水分、类胡萝卜素等单一品质及综合品质)、成熟度、货架期/贮藏期、产品溯源、生长监测、安全(农药残留、病虫和细菌侵染、转基因产品等)检测及光学系统设计等方面综述了光谱和成像技术的应用,分析了存在的图谱库不完善、解混处理算法复杂、高精度和便携式的光学系统开发力度不够、校正模型的影响因素复杂等问题。然后,归纳了发展趋势,指出了各组分可视化分析及交互作用机理解析、光与果蔬组织的交互作用机理分析和光学特性参数反演等光学特性分析、科学合理的综合评价体系的建立、新算法的应用和多种算法的联合使用、不同算法的可靠性和稳定性的提高、稳定和普适模型的建立、低成本和便携式等光学分析仪器的商品化开发和商业化应用等成为进一步探索的方向,为基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测发展提供了参考。     

颗粒度对不同煤种可见光-近红外光谱的影响

煤炭是我国最主要的能源,在开采、运输、洗选加工、精煤储运等过程中都需要及时了解煤的成分、含量以及混矸程度,以便掌握和监控煤炭质量。目前,基于可见光-近红外反射光谱的煤炭原位测试技术已经成为一个研究热点。颗粒度是影响光谱特征的重要因素,开展颗粒度对不同煤种反射光谱特征的影响研究,对于深刻认识煤的光谱特征,进而提高煤光谱识别精度具有重要意义。为此,选取我国主要煤炭富集区（包括内蒙古乌海、新疆哈密、山西阳泉）的褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤为研究对象,利用SVC HR-1024光谱仪对不同颗粒度煤样的可见光-近红外光谱进行测试,分析了颗粒度对煤样光谱反射率的影响规律,以及颗粒度对于不同煤种光谱影响的差异。在此基础上,对实验现象背后的物理机理进行了分析讨论。研究表明,变质程度不同的煤反射光谱特征基本相似,即在可见光波段反射率较低且随波长增加出现缓慢下降趋势,在近红外波段快速上升。当煤样颗粒度>0.10 mm时,颗粒度大小对光谱特征的影响较小,煤样反射光谱特征随颗粒度变化规律不明显;当颗粒度<0.10 mm时,颗粒度对煤样的光谱影响增大,且影响主要体现在近红外波段的反射率光谱曲线的斜率大小,颗粒度越小,光谱反射率曲线斜率越大。0.10 mm颗粒度可作为颗粒度对煤的光谱特征影响的敏感界限。不同煤种可见光-近红外光谱曲线受颗粒度的影响程度不同,褐煤的影响最大,烟煤次之,无烟煤影响最小。实验表明,利用反射光谱进行煤质分析和煤种识别时需要考虑颗粒度的影响,同时,选择颗粒度小于0.10 mm的粉末状样品效果要好于大颗粒或块状样品。     

A system for the remote spectroscopy in the visible and infrared regions

Results of the design and development of a system for remote sensing of the state and evaluation of the parameters of the natural environment and objects are presented. The devices developed are based on a generalized structural model of measuring system for acquisition of data on spectral, energy, polarization, angular, and spatial characteristics of the optical radiation field of the object under investigation. A. N. Sevchenko Scientific Research Institute for Applied Physical Problems at the Belarusian State University, 7, Kurchatov St., Minsk, 220064, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 827–833, November–December, 1997.     

基于NIR和SOM-RBF网络的兰州百合关键营养物质定量分析方法

为了实现兰州百合关键营养物质蛋白质和多糖的快速无损检测,在12 000~4 000 cm-1光谱范围内采集了59份兰州百合粉的近红外光谱（NIRS）。首先运用SG、Normalize、SNV、MSC、Detrend、OSC、SG+1D、SG+Normalize、SG+SNV和SG+Detrend十种预处理方法对原始光谱数据进行处理,确定蛋白质的最佳预处理方法为SG+Detrend、多糖的最佳预处理方法为Detrend;然后运用CARS、SPA和PCA三种算法对预处理的光谱数据进行特征波长筛选,确定蛋白质和多糖的最佳特征波长提取方法均为SPA算法;最后采用PLSR法建立了兰州百合关键营养物质蛋白质和多糖含量的预测模型,结果显示,经过SG+Detrend_SPA处理所建立的蛋白质PLSR模型中,预测集相关系数R_p为0.810 6,预测集均方根误差RMSEP为1.195 3;经过Detrend_SPA处理所建立的多糖PLSR模型中,预测集相关系数R_p为0.810 9,预测集均方根误差RMSEP为2.0946。考虑到经典PLSR无损预测模型精度的限制,在该研究中提出SOM-RBF神经网络无损预测模型。首先利用SOM网络对数据样本进行聚类,然后将得到的聚类类别数和聚类中心作为RBF网络的隐层节点个数和隐层节点数据中心,以此来优化RBF的结构参数。在建立的蛋白质SOM-RBF神经网络模型中,预测集相关系数R_p为0.866 6,预测集均方根误差RMSEP为1.038 5;建立的多糖SOM-RBF神经网络模型中,预测集相关系数R_p为0.868 1,预测集均方根误差RMSEP为1.799 4。比较PLSR和SOM-RBF两种模型对两种物质的预测结果,确定了SOM-RBF神经网络模型为最优建模方法,最终确定在蛋白质检测中,最优模型为基于SG+Detrend_SPA_SOM-RBF建立的模型,模型的预测集相关系数较PLSR高5.6%,预测集均方根误差较PLSR低0.156 8;在多糖检测中,确定的最优模型为基于Detrend_SPA_SOM-RBF建立的模型,模型的预测集相关系数较PLSR高5.72%,预测集均方根误差较PLSR低0.295 2。研究结果表明,运用NIR和SOM-RBF技术可以实现对兰州百合关键营养物质蛋白质和多糖的快速无损检测,为今后快速无损检测兰州百合营养物质提供理论依据。     

ICP-AES测定黑铜渣中的As、Sb、Bi、Pb和Ni

根据黑铜渣的特点,结合ICP-AES优点,通过对样品处理、元素分析谱线、酸度等因素进行试验研究,综合选择了最佳试验条件,对黑铜渣中的As、Sb、Bi、Pb、Ni进行快速准确的测定;能够满足黑铜渣的检测要求。     

Laser absorption and fluorescence diagnostics of a plasma

Diagnostics of a near-surface laser plasma, the plasma of a strong-current pulse gaseous discharge in inert gases, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide under conditions of intense evaporation of the wall of the discharge chamber, the plasma of a discharge with a hollow cathode, and the active medium of an excimer laser was conducted by methods of intracavity laser spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence. The dynamic fields and absolute concentrations of atoms, ions, molecules and electrons, the plasma temperature, and the velocities of flows of particles were measured. The quantitative determination of the density of particles in the erosion laser flame prior to breakdown and the phenomena associated with the formation of molecules in the laser plasma received primary consideration. To whom correspondence should be addressd. Instite of Molecular and Atomic Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 281–290, May–June, 1997.     

光谱法锌离子检测系统的研究

采取标准锌显色剂与锌发生显色反应，生成不溶于水的絮状络合物。用光谱仪测它的吸光度，研究其特征谱与吸光度的特点，建立其浓度与特征波长吸光度间的数学模型。本文所采用的显色剂主要与锌、铜、镉、镍四种离子发生络合反应。因此分别探索了四种离子高浓度以及低浓度时显色反应的吸光度，最终通过得到锌离子浓度与吸光度的关系式以及锌离子浓度与四波长下四种离子混合溶液显色后的吸光度的关系式，给出了锌离子的吸光度与总吸光度的关系式。显色反应能否满足分光光度法的要求，主要与显色剂的性质有关，同时显色反应的条件也至关重要。因为在显色反应过程中，主要是锌离子与锌显色剂发生络合反应形成络离子，进而形成絮状络合物。络离子一般比较稳定，但在水溶液中也存在着电离平衡，也就是说当显色条件发生变化时，既有可能形成络离子，也有可能发生络离子的分解，从而影响络合反应的程度。显色条件包括显色剂用量、pH值、反应温度、显色时间、待测溶液的盐度以及浊度等。重点研究待测溶液的盐度对锌离子浓度测量值的影响，并通过实验给出影响规律以及校正模型。     

The width of the rotational contour of vibrational and vibronic bands of complex molecules in the gas phase as a temperature indicator

From the independence of the contour of spectral density of the rotational (orientation) correlation function of a rigid molecular top of arbitrary symmetry on temperature in the frequency scale based on the reduced time of rotational orientation relaxation and from the near independence of the rotational contour of vibrational and vibronic absorption bands of dipole transitions in the same coordinates in a model of “regular diffusion” of the transition oscillator with a classically rotating rigid molecular top, it is suggested that it is possible to use the halfwidth of the contour for estimation of temperatures. Data are presented on the halfwidth of 48 contours of bands of A, B, and C types at this frequency for 12 compounds for a temperature range of from units to 500 degrees of absolute temperature measured experimentally and (for low temperatures) calculated by the quantum theory. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 312–317, May–June, 1997.     

Standardized laryngeal videostroboscopic rating: Differences between untrained and trained male and female subjects, and effects of varying sound intensity, fundamental frequency, and age

To determine the influence of the factors gender, vocal training, sound intensity, pitch, and aging on vocal function, videolaryngostroboscopic images of 214 subjects, subdivided according to gender and status of vocal training, were evaluated by three judges with standardized rating scales, comprising aspects of laryngeal appearance (larynx/pharynx ratio; epiglottal shape; asymmetry arytenoid region; compensatory adjustments; thickness, width, length, and elasticity of vocal folds) and glottal functioning (amplitudes of excursion; duration, percentage, and type of vocal fold closure; phase differences; location of glottal chink). The video registrations were made while the subjects performed a set of phonatory tasks, comprising the utterance of the vowel /i/ at three levels of both fundamental frequency and sound intensity. Analysis of the rating scales showed generally sufficient agreement among judges. With the exception of more frequently observed complete closure and lateral phase differences of vocal fold excursions in trained subjects, no further differences were established between untrained and trained subjects. With an α level of p = 0.005, men differed from women with respect to laryngeal appearance (larynx/pharynx ratio, compensatory adjustments, and the presence of omega and deviant-shaped epiglottises), and their vocal folds were rated thicker in the vertical dimension, smaller in the lateral dimension, longer, and more tense, with smaller amplitudes of excursion during vibration. Glottal closure in male subjects was rated more complete, but briefer in duration. Significant effects of the factors pitch, sound intensity, and age on vocal fold appearance and glottal functioning were ascertained. Awareness of the influence of these factors, as well as the factor gender, on the rated scales is essential for an adequate evaluation of laryngostroboscopic images.