元素周期律复习教学中认识模型建构的有效策略

探查了元素周期律复习教学中认识模型构建的有效策略。从学生对于元素周期律的学后障碍点及相应的发展核心入手,在北京市选择了2所学生水平不同的学校分别进行了2课时的元素周期律复习教学。教学过程中基于学生认识发展的核心,选取了不同的模型构建组织策略,通过进阶式的教学任务对元素周期律的“位置-结构-性质”认识模型和物质性质的认识模型进行了构建。在问卷测查以及将本研究授课效果与常规授课进行对比后,证明并提炼了基于模型构建的元素周期律复习教学的有效策略。     

基于数据分析能力培养的元素周期律教学实践研究

从教学现状中发现学生对元素周期律知识的灵活运用能力不够,反思物质结构及元素周期律知识的教学地位及价值,确定以数据分析能力为培养目标进行教学设计以及对该教学设计实践后的效果分析,为促进教师转变观念,培养学生思维发展和提高课堂教学效果提供参考。     

基于认识模型建构的“元素周期律·表”教学研究

在梳理已有研究并明确学生关于元素周期律·表学习问题的基础上,挖掘学生问题产生的根源,将元素周期律·表的教学定位于促进学生对于元素及物质的认识发展,并进一步提出了中学生对于元素及物质的认识发展层级,通过在高中化学必修2进行元素周期律·表复习课的教学设计与实践,提出了中学生关于元素及物质的认识模型,从单元整体设计、教学策略选择、教学主要环节的梳理与改进、教学效果的检验4个方面,进一步论证了中学阶段关于元素及物质的认识模型对帮助学生进行系统思维,促进学生认识发展所起的作用。     

新课程高中化学必修2“物质结构元素周期律”教学实践与反思

介绍了新课程人教版高中化学必修2第一章"物质结构、元素周期律"的教学实践与反思,阐述了如何基于高中化学的学科特点更好培养学生的感性思维和理性思维,促进2者结合,充分发挥化学课程培养学生人文精神的积极作用。     

基于认知模型进阶的“元素周期律”教学——选择元素制备储氢材料

以科学研究热点“储氢材料”为载体进行选择性必修阶段“元素周期律”的教学。应用必修阶段已有的“元素及物质的系统认知模型”,通过选择元素制备金属氢化物、解析氨硼烷2个教学环节,在真实问题解决过程中基于认知需求认识电离能、电负性,了解双氢键,并将新认知与已有认知模型进行融合,实现认知模型进阶和系统思维能力发展,培养社会责任感。     

基于学科理解的“物质成分”大概念教学*

以“物质成分”大概念教学为例,基于学科理解,以探究物质成分的相关化学史为线索设计教学,引导学生在追溯“物质成分”相关概念、理论的发展过程中,逐渐建构物质成分的宏观、微观、宏微结合视角。并在解决探究物质成分的真实问题的过程中,培养学生基于证据进行推理的科学论证能力,通过认识视角的发展,体会科学理论是在不断发展和进阶的,初步建立科学发展观。     

以“位构性”模型建构和学科能力发展的必修“原子结构 元素周期律”教学设计和实践*

在高中必修阶段“原子结构 元素周期律”主题已有研究的基础上,将“位构性”系统模型与学科能力活动任务相结合,提出了本研究的理论框架,进行了单元整体的教学设计并实施。通过预设学生的表现水平,设计各课时的评价任务,过程性地诊断学生在各个课时中“位构性”模型建构与学科能力的发展水平,描述学生在本章学习过程中的发展变化,促进了学生“证据推理与模型认知”等核心素养的发展。最后,归纳出以“位构性”模型建构和学科能力发展的“原子结构 元素周期律”在教学实践中的有效策略。以期能够对日后开展“原子结构 元素周期律”主题的教学设计与实践能够提供参考和建议。     

从另一个角度处理“原子结构”内容的尝试

从教材内容和课程设计的科学性论证了基础无机化学课程中“原子结构”应分为“原子和原子结构”和“元素与周期律”两章.“原子和原子结构”包括原子结构、核外电子的运动状态和原子核结构,“元素与周期律”包括元素的起源、周期律的建立和元素基本性质的规律性.通过教学实践,说明这样的处理有利于探索教材结构处理对教学效果的影响,符合认识论规律.教法的改革有利于从基础课教学方面提高学生的科学研究意识.     

基于科学本质的“元素周期律”教学设计

促进学生对科学本质的理解是科学教育的重要目标之一。以元素周期律为例,从教材分析、学情分析、教学方法、教学过程和教学反思等方面探讨了基于科学本质的教学设计。     

论证图-促进初学者学习科学论证的有效工具

以Chrysi和Douglas提出的论证图为基本范式,对其进行优化,并提炼出论证图的4大基本要素,即中心议题、支持性证据、反对性证据和层次等级,论述了论证图促进初学者学习科学论证的工具性作用：为科学论证搭建脚手架,使论证过程可视化和有利于学生论证能力的评估。提出了基于论证图进行科学论证的4个步骤：中心议题的选择、证据的搜集、层次等级的绘制和科学论证的展开,并以"原电池"的教学设计为例进行说明。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。