液液萃取-气相色谱法测定缓释尿素中吡唑类硝化抑制剂

建立了一种快速测定缓释尿素中吡唑类硝化抑制剂（DL-1）的方法-液液萃取．气相色谱法。从5种有机溶剂中选出三氯甲烷作为DL-1的萃取剂,并采用盐析的方法将革取率提高。本文采用内标法,通过SE30柱,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）定量检测三氯甲烷萃取相中DL-1。萃取率为96．08％～98．10％,平均萃取率为97．33％;回收率为87．96％～90．54％;RSD为0．089％～1．6％,本法测定缓释尿素中的DL-1含量快速、灵敏,便于产品的质量监控。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定城市供水中的甲草胺

为适应城市供水水质新标准中甲草胺的检测，采用毛细管气相色谱法测定城市供水中甲草胺的含量。水样经有机溶剂液-液萃取，采用HP-5毛细管柱，分流进样，微电子捕获检测器检测，外标法定量，方法的平均回收率为85．0％-96．4％，相对标准偏差为5．3％～7．2％。     

饲料中克伦特罗和沙丁胺醇分离方法的研究

研究了用液-液萃取和固相萃取两种方法同时分离饲料中克伦特罗和沙丁胺醇．液．液萃取法中，采用乙酸乙酯 正己烷 异丙醇混合溶剂，克伦特罗和沙丁胺醇萃取率分别可达85．20％、83．00％：固相萃取法中，采用Amberlite XAD-2大孔吸附树脂，效果较液．液萃取更好。萃取率为91．25%和86．10％．两种分离方法用于饲料中克伦特罗和沙丁胺醇的测定。结果满意．     

连续流动液─液萃取石墨炉原子吸收分析系统的设计及其性能

求文研究了在线液一液萃取石墨炉原子吸收分析技术，设计了一种半自动萃取流路系统及其与石墨炉的接口装置．采用一步萃取操作，比较了直接水相测定和萃取测定ＡＵ和Ｃｄ的结果，表明该流路系统性能较好。在萃取测定中，ＡＵ和Ｃｄ的检出限分别为０．０７７和０．０５５ｎｇ／ｍＬ；精密度为Ａｕ４．１％（５．５ｎｇ／ｍＬ）和Ｃｄ４．９％（０．２５ｎｇ／ｍＬ）标准样品分析结果与推荐值吻合，采样频率为２０—３０／ｈ．     

高效液相色谱法测定烟草料液中的糖、甘油和丙二醇

研究了用高效液相色谱法测定烟草料液样品中糖、甘油和丙二醇的方法。烟草料液用Sep-Park-C18固相萃取小柱预分离，以Waters Surar-Pakl钙型阳离子交换柱为固定相，0．05g/L EDTA钙钠水溶液为流动相，示差折光仪为检测器，一次进样测定烟草料液样品中的糖、甘油和丙二醇。线性范围为0．005－5g/L,检测限在1．5－2．5mg/L之间，相对标准偏差为0．89％－1．3％，标准回收率在96．0％－103％之间。方法用于几种烟草料液样品测定，结果令人满意。     

固相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定环境水样中双酚A的自由溶解态浓度

应用可忽略耗损固相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术测定了环境水样中双酚A的自由溶解态浓度。为了获得高的灵敏度并减小环境因素（如温度和搅拌等）的影响,采用商品化固相微萃取纤维CW／TPR进行平衡采样。在环境水样常见pH（5～8）、缓冲容量（5～200mmol／L）和盐度（0～500mmol／L）条件下,4h可以达到萃取平衡。100mL样品足以避免样品耗损。以配制在250mmol／L NaCl和125mmol／L磷酸盐溶液（pH6．4）中的双酚A标准溶液进行校准,可以将缓冲液（0～200mmol／L）、盐度（0～500mmol／L）和pH（5．7～8．5）的影响控制在15％偏差范围以内。如需更准确的测定,也可以对样品pH值的影响加以校正。pH为6．4时,方法的线性范围为0．1～250μg／L,检出限为0．03μg／L,相对标准偏差（5μg/L,n=3）为1．1％。采用本方法测定了污水处理厂排水口的双酚A的自由溶解态浓度。     

分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定机械加工水基切削液及其废水中的三氯苯

建立了以丙酮为分散剂、氯苯为萃取剂,采用分散液-液微萃取、气相色谱/选择离子质谱联用测定机械加工水基切削液及其废水中三氯苯的方法。该方法与顶空萃取、液-液萃取和固相萃取结合气相色谱/电子捕获检测法相比,具有线性范围广、富集倍数高、重现性好、操作简便、干扰小等优点。样品中三氯苯的加标回收率为94.7％~104.3％,相对标准偏差为2.3％～7.8％。三氯苯的3种同分异构体1,3,5-,1,2,4-和1,2,3-三氯苯的检出限分别为2.0,6.0和3.0 μg/L。重点探讨了萃取剂和分散剂的种类、体积、萃取时间和盐效应等对三氯苯萃取效率的影响,优化了萃取条件。考察了机械加工水基切削液中常用的添加剂对检测结果的影响,结果表明1.0％的亚硝酸钠和聚乙二醇对三氯苯的检测基本无影响。采用该方法对4种实际样品中的三氯苯进行了测定,其中两个样品中含有三氯苯,质量浓度范围为0.15～1.67 mg/L。     

液-液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中的局部麻醉剂

建立了液-液-液微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术同时测定人血浆中3种局部麻醉剂利多卡因、布比卡因和丁卡因的方法。考察了萃取时间、料液pH值和搅拌速度的影响,取佳萃取条件为萃取溶剂为200μL苯,接受相为1.0μL 0.2 mol/L HC l,搅拌速度为250 r/m in,萃取时间为45 m in。在该条件下,获得了高的富集因子(大于305倍)。方法的线性范围为:利多卡因和布比卡因0.025~5 mg/L,丁卡因0.05~5 mg/L,相关系数大于0.996;检出限依次为0.005、0.015和0.025 mg/L;相对标准偏差小于5%。该方法能有效地去除血浆中复杂基体的干扰,萃取效率高,有机溶剂消耗少,是一种有效、灵敏的同时测定血浆中利多卡因、布比卡因和丁卡因的方法。     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中甲拌磷农药

建立了基于分散液液微萃取(DLLME)的新型样品前处理方法,并采用气相色谱/氢火焰离子化检测器对水样中痕量的甲拌磷农药进行了测定。考察了影响分散液液微萃取的因素包括萃取溶剂、分散剂、样品体积、萃取温度和离心速度等。在最佳实验条件下,对甲拌磷的富集倍数达到300倍;检出限为0.001μL/L;方法的线性范围为0.01~10μL/L,R2为0.9986;相对标准偏差为6.65%;回收率为104%。将分散液液微萃取法与单滴液相微萃取和离子液体-液相微萃取方法进行了对比,结果表明,分散液液微萃取技术具有操作简单、快捷(前处理时间小于5 min)、富集效果好、回收率高等优点。同时预言,将离子液体与分散液液微萃取结合,将会产生更加满意的结果。     

Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Water by Small Volume Liquid-liquid Extraction Combined with Gas Chromatography Coupled with Dual-tower and Dual-column

建立了一种小体积液液萃取双塔双柱气相色谱法方法快速测定地表水中有机氯农药的分析方法.方法具有操作简单快速、适用性广和试剂用量很少等特点.当萃取试剂用量为1.5 mL时,萃取富集效率可达270～ 470倍,回收率为92.7％～102％,相对标准偏差为2.3％～6.5％,检出限为0.02～0.04 μg/L.     

煤中可溶有机质对煤的孔隙结构及甲烷吸附特性影响

采用四氢呋喃对临涣7煤和祁南3煤进行微波辅助抽提,进行了原煤和残煤等温吸附实验和低温氮气吸附测试,对比分析了抽提前后原煤和残煤的甲烷吸附量和比表面积、孔分布情况,并理论测算煤中可溶有机质吸附溶解甲烷量.结果表明,残煤的甲烷吸附能力低于原煤;抽提后,煤的比表面积和总孔体积增大,平均孔径减少,影响煤吸附气体能力的主要孔径为1.7~5.0 nm,且该范围内的孔数有不同程度的增加;压力为0.1~5.0 MPa时,两煤样中可溶有机质吸附溶解的甲烷量分别为0.45~4.22 mL/g、0.69~4.99 mL/g,最大吸附量分别占到原煤最大吸附量的30%和38%.分析认为,煤中可溶有机质占据部分煤中孔隙,影响煤孔隙结构,同时,在压力的作用下,甲烷可以溶解和吸附煤中可溶有机质.     

Analysis of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides and their phenolic conversion products in soil by microwave assisted solvent extraction and subsequent analysis of extracts by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography

A multiresidue method for the determination of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides and their phenolic conversion products in soil was developed. The method was based on microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) of soil samples by an aqueous methanolic mixture and subsequent analysis of extracts by automated solid-phase extraction followed by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection. MASE parameters (extraction temperature and time, composition of the extraction mixture and extraction volume) were optimized with respect to analyte recoveries. The method was validated with two types of soils containing 1.5 and 3.5% organic matter, respectively, both types containing fresh and aged residues of sought analytes. Under the selected analytical conditions when soils with fresh residues were analyzed all target analytes were recovered above 80% from the soil containing 1.5% organic matter, while limits of identification at the level of 20-40 ng/g were achieved. From the soil containing 3.5% organic matter the least polar phenolic analytes exhibited slightly reduced recoveries, while identification limits of 30-50 ng/g were achieved. Samples with aged residues exhibited reduced recoveries for some analytes, the reduction amounting up to 6-12% within 1 month of aging period depending on soil organic matter.     

Indirect analysis of urea herbicides from environmental water using solid-phase microextraction

We described here a solid-phase microextraction procedure used to extract six urea pesticides — chlorsulfuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron, metobromuron and monuron — from environmental samples. Two polydimethylsiloxanes and a polyacrylate fiber (PA) are compared. The extraction time, pH control, addition of NaCl to the water and the influence of organic matter such as humic acid on extraction efficiency were examined to achieve a sensitive method. Determination was carried out by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorus detection. The proposed method requires the extraction of 2 ml of sample (pH 4, 14.3%, w/v, NaCl) for 60 min with the PA fiber. The limits of detection range from 0.04 for linuron to 0.1 μg/l for fluometuron and monuron and the relative standard deviations at the 1 μg/l level are between 15% and 9%. The apparent fiber–water distribution constants (K_fw) calculated in the proposed conditions were in the order of 10³. Phenylurea herbicides were indirectly determined in the form of their derived anilines and chlorsulfuron in the form of an aminotriazine as confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Natural waters were utilized to validate the final procedure. However, a unequivocal identification in unknown environmental samples should be done by LC–MS. The presence of dissolved organic matter such as humic acid produces losses during the extraction step. Adding sodium chloride to the sample compensates for this effect.     

A core–shell titanium dioxide polyaniline nanocomposite for the needle‐trap extraction of volatile organic compounds in urine samples

We synthesized a titanium dioxide–polyaniline core–shell nanocomposite and implemented it as an efficient sorbent for the needle‐trap extraction of some volatile organic compounds from urine samples. Polyaniline was synthesized, in the form of the emeraldine base, dissolved in dimethyl acetamide followed by diluting with water at pH 2.8, using the interfacial polymerization method. The TiO₂ nanoparticles were encapsulated inside the conducting polymer shell, by adapting the in situ dispersing approach. The surface characteristics of the nanocomposite were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. After obtaining acceptable preliminary results, some selected volatile compounds, including chloroform, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and chlorobenzenes were used as model analytes to validate the enrichment properties of the prepared sorbent in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometric detection. Important parameters influencing the extraction process such as extraction temperature, ionic strength, sampling flow rate, extraction time, desorption temperature, and time were optimized. The limits of detection and limits of quantification values were in the range of 0.5–3  and 2–5 ng/L, respectively, using time‐scheduled selected ion monitoring mode. The relative standard deviation percent with three replicates was in the range of 5–10%. The applicability of the developed needle‐trap method was examined by analyzing urine samples and the relative recovery percentages for the spiked samples were in the range of 81–105%.     

Extraction and exchange behavior of metal species in therapeutically applied peat

The binding and availability of metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in therapeutically applied peat (Grosses Gifhorner Moor, Sassenburg/North Germany) was characterized by means of a versatile extraction approach. Aqueous extracts of peat were obtained by a standardized batch equilibrium procedure using high-purity water (pH 4.5 and 5.0), 0.01 mol l(-1) calcium chloride solution, 0.01 mol l(-1) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 0.01 mol l(-1) diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) solution as metal extractants. In addition, the availability of peat-bound metal species was kinetically studied by collecting aliquots of extracts after different periods of extraction time (5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min). Metal determinations were performed by atomic spectrometry methods (AAS, ICP-OES) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterized by UV/Vis measurements at 254 and 436 nm, respectively. Of the extractants studied Ca, Mg and Mn were the most available metals, in contrast to peat-bound Fe and Al. The relative standard deviation s(r) of the developed extraction procedures was mostly in the range of 4 to 20%, depending on the metal and its concentration in peat. A pH increase favored the extraction of metals and DOM from peat revealing complex extraction kinetics. Moreover, a competitive exchange between peat-bound metal species and added Cu(II) ions showed that >100 mg of Cu(II) per 50 g wet peat was necessary to exchange the maximum of bound metals (e.g. 21.8% of Al, 3.9% of Fe, 79.0% of Mn, 81.9% of Sr, related to their total content).     

Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotube fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in lake water and wastewater

The feasibility of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as adsorbents for solid-phase microextraction was investigated by using organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as model compounds. SWCNTs were attached onto a stainless steel wire through organic binder. Potential factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, including extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption time, desorption temperature, and salinity. The developed method has a linear range of 2-800 ng/L for most analytes, with coefficients of correlation ranging from 0.9911 to 0.9996, LODs ranged from 0.19 to 3.77 ng/L (S/N = 3), and RSDs in the range of 3.5-13.9% (n = 5). Compared with the commercial PDMS fiber, the SWCNT fiber has better thermal stability (over 350 degrees C) and longer life span (over 150 times). The developed method was applied to determine trace OCPs in lake water and wastewater samples with external standard calibration. Results showed that OCP contamination was very low in these samples, and HCHs were detected in almost all water samples while DDT concentrations were almost under detection limits in these samples. Recoveries obtained at 20 ng/L spiking level were in the range of 88.4-111% for OCPs in lake water. For wastewater samples, however, the recoveries were satisfactory for HCHs (63.6-97.1%) but relatively low for DDTs (44.7-116%) due to the high content of organic matter in wastewater.     

Evaluation of preconcentration methods in the analysis of synthetic musks in whole‐water samples

According to the European Water Framework Directive, environmental assessment of organic compounds should be made in whole‐water samples, but due to their hydrophobicity and strong attraction to organic content these compounds can be found bound to suspended particle matter or in the dissolved fraction. In this work, the extraction of musk compounds was studied in whole‐water samples exhibiting different amounts of dissolved organic carbon and suspended particulate matter using polyethersulfone preconcentration technique. Matrix effects in estuarine and wastewater (both influent and effluent) were evaluated for filtered and unfiltered samples. For unfiltered samples, estuarine water exhibited matrix effects <20%, while for effluent it was up to 48% and for influent ranged from 85 to 99%. To compensate matrix effects and determine total concentrations in unfiltered samples, different quantification approaches were tested: the use of deuterated analogues and standard additions. Standard additions provided the best results for unfiltered samples. Finally, filtered and unfiltered samples were analyzed using both polyethersulfone preconcentration and membrane‐assisted solvent extraction and results showed a good agreement between the two methods. In both cases unfiltered samples provided concentrations 1.5–2.6 times higher than filtered samples.     

Pressurised fluid extraction of bupirimate and ethirimol from aged soils

This paper assesses the effect of pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) on the recovery of bupirimate and its degradation product, ethirimol from a range of soil types. The analytes were extracted under standard conditions (pressure, 2000 p.s.i.; temperature, 100 degrees C; and, three static flush cycles of 5 min static extraction time each) using a variety of individual and combined solvents. It was found that the recovery of bupirimate was dependent upon the organic matter content of soil.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides from soil. Comparison with other extraction methods.

A comparison is made of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with two other techniques widely used for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in soil. Extraction conditions for the SFE of PCBs and pesticides were first determined. An experimental approach was set up to determine the influence of different extraction parameters such as pressure, extraction time, static and dynamic extraction, restrictor type and collection solvent for off-line SFE. The use of carbon dioxide at 50 degrees C and 20 MPa, 10 min static followed by 20 min dynamic extraction with collection in iso-octane were been found to be the optimum conditions. Two types of soil, with a low and high content of organic carbon, respectively, spiked with 16 PCBs and organochlorine pesticides with a wide range of volatility and polarity at a level of 5 ng/g dry matter, were used as test materials. Conventional solvent extraction gives a good extraction yield for soil with a low content of organic carbon, but for peat soil the recoveries decrease dramatically to 30% for DDE, DDT and PCB 138 and 153. The recoveries with Soxhlet extraction are good, but an extra clean-up step before analysis is necessary. SFE gives good extraction yields for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides, varying between 85 and 105% with a reproducibility of 5% for each component for both types of soil. SFE is a fast, clean and reproducible method for the extraction of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides from these two soil matrices.     

Aqueous phototransformation of zinc pyrithione Degradation kinetics and byproduct identification by liquid chromatography--atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

The photochemical behavior of the antifouling agent zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) was studied in aqueous media of different composition under simulated solar irradiation using a xenon light source. The influence of important constituents of natural water (dissolved organic matter and nitrate) was also examined using a multivariate kinetic model. It was found that photodegradation proceeds via a pseudo first-order reaction. Kinetic experiments were monitored by LC-MS and photolytic half-lives ranging between 9.2 and 15.1 min have been observed. The increasing concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) accelerates the photolysis reaction, while the effect of nitrate ions was also positive since it increased the degradation rate, but to a lesser extent. Irradiation of the aqueous ZnPT solutions gave rise to several transformation products that were isolated by means of solid-phase extraction using poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) extraction disks. These byproducts were identified using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Besides 2-pyridinesulfonic-acid, other degradation products formed included pyridine-N-oxide, 2-mercaptopyridine, 2,2'-dithiobis(pyridine-N-oxide), 2,2-dipyridyl disulfide and the pyridine/pyrithione mixed disulfide, 2,2'-dithiobispyridine mono-N-oxide (PPMD).