温控离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法检测脐橙中染色剂残留

建立了QuEChERS-温控离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法快速检测脐橙中5种染色剂残留的分析方法。QuEChERS前处理步骤:样品用乙腈快速提取,NaCl和无水MgSO4除水后,经N-丙基乙二胺净化。温控离子液体分散液液微萃取步骤:QuEChERS前处理的净化液(1 mL)为分散剂,1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体(60μL)为萃取剂,55℃水浴12 min,将目标物富集。用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器分析,检出样品用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱确证。在0.01和0.05 mg/kg的添加水平下,5种染色剂的平均回收率为70.3%~93.6%,相对标准偏差为3.5%~9.2%,定量限为1.1~2.8μg/kg。     

分散液液微萃取富集土壤中的二嗪磷和甲拌磷残留

建立了基于离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐的分散液液微萃取富集土壤中二嗪磷和甲拌磷的方法。实验确定了萃取优化条件:萃取剂为400μL 1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体,分散剂为4mL甲醇,液固比(溶液体积与样品质量之比)为4∶1,微波温度为50℃,微波时间为8min。将建立的萃取方法与高效液相色谱法结合,应用于实际土壤样品的测定,结果表明该方法能对土壤中的二嗪磷和甲拌磷进行高效萃取与富集,方法快速简便。     

分散液液微萃取技术的研究进展

分散液液微萃取是一种基于传统液液萃取的新型样品前处理技术。该文以分散液液微萃取技术中萃取剂的筛选为出发点,综述了低密度萃取剂、辅助萃取剂、反萃取剂和离子液体等低毒性萃取剂在该技术中的应用,以及应用自制装置、溶剂去乳化、悬浮萃取剂固化,辅助萃取,反萃取和离子液体-分散液液微萃取等萃取模式;并简要评述了该技术与液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、分散固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、超临界流体萃取、超声辅助萃取等其他样品前处理技术的联用特性。     

离子液体-分散液液微萃取/高效液相色谱法用于猪肾脏中3种四环素类抗生素的检测

建立了分散液液微萃取(DLLME)技术进行样品前处理,高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定猪肾脏中土霉素(OTC)、四环素(TC)、金霉素(CTC)3种四环素类抗生素(TCs)残留量的方法。考察了分散剂种类、离子液体用量、分散剂用量、样品溶液p H值、萃取时间、盐效应等因素对萃取效率的影响。优化后的实验条件为:以丙酮为分散剂,离子液体([BMIM]PF6)用量为50μL,分散剂用量为140μL,样品溶液p H值为3.0,萃取时间为15 min,不添加盐。该方法在0.1~10.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r2≥0.999 5),土霉素、四环素和金霉素的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%~3.1%,检出限(LOD)为54~93μg/L,富集倍数为7.0~27.8,且样品的加标回收率达99.5%~101.1%。该法准确度和精密度均满足分析方法的要求,实现了对猪肾脏中土霉素、四环素、金霉素3种四环素类抗生素残留量的快速、绿色、灵敏和准确检测。     

基于离子液体的液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药

建立了基于1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体的液相微萃取-高效液相色谱分析水样中甲拌磷、对硫磷和辛硫磷的方法。考察了萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂与样品溶液体积比、萃取时间、萃取温度和搅拌速度对液相微萃取的影响。在优化的萃取条件下,甲拌磷、对硫磷、辛硫磷3种农药的富集倍数分别为665、630和553倍;方法有好的线性范围(0.01-1μL/L)和低的检出限(0.001-0.01μL/L,S/N=3)。对0.1μL/L的甲拌磷,对硫磷和辛硫磷测定3次的相对标准偏差分别为3.44%、10.50%和2.41%。     

离子液体和氯代溶剂分散液-液微萃取/高效液相色谱法联用富集和分析环境水样中酞酸酯类污染物的对比研究

以4种室温离子液体和4种氯代溶剂为萃取剂,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用,对比研究了分散液-液微萃取(DLLME)对5种痕量酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的富集分离性能。以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMim][PF6])和建议研究四氯化碳替代品为典型萃取溶剂优化了萃取条件。结果表明,在1.00～100μg/L范围内色谱峰面积与PAEs浓度成良好的线性关系(相关系数>0.995);对于10.0μg/L加标混合样品,平均加标回收率88.2%～103.3%,RSD在2.1%～6.8%之间(n=5),LOD在0.01～0.08μg/L范围内(S/N=3)。与四氯化碳相比,[OMim][PF6]作为DLLME的萃取溶剂对PAEs的富集倍数较高,水相盐效应影响较小。超声波辅助微萃取(USA)可在2 min达到平衡,建立的USA-DLLME-HPLC方法可用于黄河水样和城生活区污水样品中痕量PAEs的富集分离和测定。     

离子液体-分散液液微萃取-比色法测定水样中痕量铁

建立了基于分散液液微萃取(DLLME)-数字成像比色(DIC)法测定水样中Fe的方法。在乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液中,Fe(Ⅲ)被盐酸羟胺还原成Fe(Ⅱ)后与邻菲罗啉作用生成橙红色络合物。以离子液体[C6M IM][PF6]为萃取剂,乙腈为分散剂,采用涡旋辅助的分散液液微萃取方法对该络合物进行萃取和富集后,直接通过手机比色装置对Fe进行测定。优化了手机比色装置参数和分散液液微萃取的萃取剂种类及用量、分散剂种类及用量等条件。结果表明,在最佳条件下,方法的线性范围为24～200μg/L,相关系数(r~2)为0.9973,检出限为3μg/L,加标回收率为90.0%～108.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%～1.8%。该方法可用于测定环境水样中痕量Fe。     

苄基功能化离子液体对有机磷和苯环化合物的分散液-液微萃取性能研究

以苄基功能化的离子液体1-苄基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺(1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bis [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide,[BeMIM][Tf2 N])作为分散液-液微萃取的萃取剂,与高效液相色谱联用,用于环境水样中5种有机磷农药(辛硫磷、杀螟松、毒死蜱、甲拌磷和对硫磷)以及2种苯环化合物(氯化萘和蒽)的萃取与富集。并与其它离子液体([OMIM][Tf2 N])以及普通有机溶剂(CCl4和 C2 Cl4)的萃取效能进行了对比。萃取优化条件为：40μL [BeMIM][Tf2 N]作为萃取剂,1 mL 甲醇作为分散剂,离心时间5 min,样品溶液中不添加盐。在优化的条件下,本方法的线性关系良好(R2=0.9994~0.9998);对10,40和100μg/ L 不同添加浓度重复测定5次的日内和日间 RSD 分别为1.1%~4.3%和0.8%~4.8%,LOD 为0.01~1.0μg/ L (S/ N=3)。将本方法用于3种实际水样中目标分析物的测定,加标回收率和 RSD 分别为82.7%~118.3%和0.7%~5.6%。由于在咪唑环上引入了苄基基团,[BeMIM][Tf2 N]与目标分析物之间除存在疏水作用外,还存在π-π作用,故对目标物的萃取效率明显提高,富集倍数和回收率分别高达339和81.4%。测定了分析物在[BeMIM][Tf2 N]-DLLME 体系中的分配系数,对萃取机制进行初步探讨。     

漂浮液滴固化分散液液微萃取与高效液相色谱联用检测环境水样中的3种烷基苯酚

建立了漂浮液滴固化分散液液微萃取(DLLME-SFO)方法,以脂肪酸作为萃取剂,以甲醇作为分散剂,与高效液相色谱联用检测了环境水样中3种烷基苯酚。对影响前处理方法的因素进行了详细考察,在最佳萃取条件(60μL萃取剂辛酸、600μL分散剂甲醇、pH值为2.0~8.0、10 mL水样中加入0.5 g NaCl)下,3种烷基苯酚在20~1 500μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数不小于0.998 5,3种目标化合物的检出限为0.45~0.61μg/L,富集倍数为145~169,实际样品中3个水平的加标回收率为80.1%~109.9%。该方法将脂肪酸作为萃取剂,与HPLC联用实现了烷基苯酚的富集与检测,为环境水样中烷基苯酚的检测提供了对环境友好的前处理新方法。     

超声辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-反相液相色谱法测定水中丁醚脲残留

建立了超声辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-反相液相色谱法分析水中丁醚脲残留的新方法。采用疏水性离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMIM]PF6)为萃取剂,乙腈为分散剂。考察了萃取剂和分散剂的种类及体积,超声、静置、离心时间,溶液pH值及盐度等因素对萃取效果和富集倍数的影响。使用Hypersil C18柱(200 mm×4.6mm i.d.,5μm ODS C18)液相色谱分离测定萃取液,流动相为100%甲醇、流速0.8mL/min、柱温25℃、检测波长为245nm。在优化实验条件下,丁醚脲的富集倍数、线性范围和检出限分别为358、0.01～1.0mg/L和0.8μg/L。运用此方法成功测定了实际水样(自来水、地下水、矿泉水)中的丁醚脲,样品的加标回收率和相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为81%～98%和1.2%～8.9%。     

Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 1: Approaches based on extractant drop-, plug-, film- and microflow-formation

Simplicity, effectiveness, swiftness, and environmental friendliness – these are the typical requirements for the state of the art development of green analytical techniques. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) stands for a family of elegant sample pretreatment and analyte preconcentration techniques preserving these principles in numerous applications. By using only fractions of solvent and sample compared to classical liquid–liquid extraction, the extraction kinetics, the preconcentration factor, and the cost efficiency can be increased. Moreover, significant improvements can be made by automation, which is still a hot topic in analytical chemistry. This review surveys comprehensively and in two parts the developments of automation of non-dispersive LPME methodologies performed in static and dynamic modes. Their advantages and limitations and the reported analytical performances are discussed and put into perspective with the corresponding manual procedures. The automation strategies, techniques, and their operation advantages as well as their potentials are further described and discussed.     

Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 2: Approaches based on impregnated membranes and porous supports

A critical overview on automation of modern liquid phase microextraction (LPME) approaches based on the liquid impregnation of porous sorbents and membranes is presented. It is the continuation of part 1, in which non-dispersive LPME techniques based on the use of the extraction phase (EP) in the form of drop, plug, film, or microflow have been surveyed.     

Critical evaluation of microextraction pretreatment techniques – Part 1: Single drop and sorbent‐based techniques

Sample pretreatment techniques or preconcentration constitute a very important step before the analysis of environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical, and other complex samples. Thanks to extraction techniques it is possible to achieve higher method sensitivities and selectivities. Miniaturization microextraction methods make them more environmentally friendly and only small amounts of samples are required. In the past 30 years, a number of microextraction methods have been developed and used and are documented in thousands of articles. Many reviews have been written focusing on their use in specified professional fields or on the latest trends. Unfortunately, no uniform nomenclature has been introduced for these methods. Therefore, this review attempts to classify all the essential microextraction techniques and describes their advantages, disadvantages, and the latest innovations. The methods are divided into two main groups: single drop and sorbent‐based techniques according to the type of extraction phase.     

Recent advances in applications of single-drop microextraction: a review

During the past fifteen years since its introduction, single-drop microextraction has witnessed incessant growth in the range of applications of samples preparation for trace organic and inorganic analysis. This was mainly due to the array of modes that are available to accomplish extraction in harmony with the nature of analytes, and to use the extract directly for analysis by diverse instrumental methods. Whilst engineering of novel sorbent materials has expanded the sample capabilities of rival method of solid-phase microextraction, the single-drop microextraction – irrespective of the mode of extraction – uses common equipment found in analytical laboratories sans any modification, and in a much economic way. The recent innovations made in the field, as highlighted in this review article in the backdrop of historical developments, are due to the freedom in operational conditions and practicability to exploit chemical principals for optimum extraction and sensitive determination of analytes. Literature published till July 2011 has been covered.     

Emulsification liquid phase microextraction followed by on-line phase separation coupled to high performance liquid chromatography

An emulsification liquid phase microextraction followed by on-line phase separation coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is introduced based on a novel idea for the separation of dispersed organic phase from aqueous phase. In this method, the dispersed organic extraction phase was filtered using an in-line filter and it was separated from the water sample. The new approach is simple and, in addition to improving some limitations of the conventional emulsification liquid phase microextraction, eliminates the need for centrifugation in the phase separation step.     

Application of ionic liquid in liquid phase microextraction technology

Ionic liquids (ILs) are novel nonmolecular solvents. Their unique properties, such as high thermal stability, tunable viscosity, negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability, and good solubility for inorganic and organic compounds, make them excellent candidates as extraction media for a range of microextraction techniques. Many physical properties of ILs can be varied, and the structural design can be tuned to impart the desired functionality and enhance the analyte extraction selectivity, efficiency, and sensitivity. This paper provides an overview of the applications of ILs in liquid phase microextraction technology, such as single‐drop microextraction, hollow fiber based liquid phase microextraction, and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. The sensitivity, linear calibration range, and detection limits for a range of target analytes in the methods were analyzed to determine the advantages of ILs in liquid phase microextraction.     

Comparison of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on organic solvent and ionic liquid combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of emodin and its metabolites in urine samples

In this paper, two methods based on organic solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (OS-DLLME) and ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography have been critically compared for analyzing emodin and its metabolites (aloe-emodin, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid, rhein, danthron, chrysophanol and physcion) in urine samples. Several important parameters influencing the extraction recoveries of DLLME were carefully optimized. Under optimal conditions, the enrichment factors (EFs) for emodin and its metabolites by OS-DLLME and IL-DLLME were within the range of 90-295 and 63-192 respectively; the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=3) for intra-day and inter-day precision were lower than 7.2 and 8.7% by OS-DLLME, and lower than 5.7 and 6.4% by IL-DLLME; the recoveries of emodin and its metabolites were from 87.1 to 105% for OS-DLLME and from 94.8 to 103% for IL-DLLME, respectively. There were no significant deviations between the two methods for the determination of emodin and its metabolites. From the results of HPLC/UV of urine sample after DLLME, the metabolites aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol and physcion were identified by comparing the retention times with the standards. From the results of HPLC/MS, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid and danthron as unreported metabolites of emodin were found.     

Speciation and Determination of Trace Amount of Inorganic Arsenic in Water,Environmental and Biological Samples

A new speciation and preconcentration method based on dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction has been developed for trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in urine and water samples. At pH 4, As(III) is complexed with ammoniumpyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and extracted into 1‐Hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, as an ionic liquid (IL) and As(III) is determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometery (ETAAS). Arsenic(V) in the mixing solution containing As(III) and As(V) was reduced by using KI and ascorbic acid in HCl solution and then the procedure was applied to determination of total arsenic. Arsenic(V) was calculated as the difference between the total arsenic content and As(III) content. The effect of various parameters on the recovery of the arsenic ions has been studied. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor 135 was obtained. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in water and biological samples.     

液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定尿样中的利多卡因

应用液相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术快速分析尿样中的利多卡因。考察了萃取溶剂、体积、萃取时间及料液pH值对液相微萃取的影响,建立了液相微萃取与高效液相色谱联用技术分析尿样中利多卡因的方法。优化的实验条件为：料液pH值12．0,萃取溶剂为5μL邻苯二甲酸二丁醅,萃取时间40min,搅拌速度80r／min。方法的线性范围为0．2-5mg／L;检出限为0．1mg／L;相对标准偏差小于6．3％。通过液相微萃取后,能有效地去除检测尿样中利多卡因的干扰物质,获得了较高的选择性。该方法简便、快速、灵敏、消耗有机溶剂少,是尿样中利多卡因检测的一种有效方法。     

离子液体在微萃取方面的应用进展

离子液体具有蒸汽压低、热稳定性好、溶解性能高、可设计性和多样性等特性,使其在萃取尤其是微萃取方面得到迅速发展和应用.而在单滴微萃取、分散液相微萃取、液-液-液微萃取和固相微萃取中,离子液体更以其较大的粘度、密度及非挥发性等特性,使得微萃取技术更容易操作,无有机溶剂污染,方法的灵敏度更高,且扩展了微萃取的应用范围.文章综述了近年来离子液体在液相微萃取和固相微萃取方面的应用进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.