Probing the launching position of the electron wave packet in molecule strong-field tunneling ionization

Strong-field tunneling ionization is the first step for a broad class of phenomena in intense laser-atom/molecule interactions. Accurate information about the electron wave packet from strong-field tunneling ionization of atoms and molecules is of essential importance for understanding various tunneling ionization triggered processes. Here, we survey the property of the electron wave packet in tunneling ionization of molecules with a method based on strong-field photoelectron holography. By solving the time-dependent Schr ¨odinger equation, it is shown that the holographic interference in the photoelectron momentum distribution exhibits the asymmetric behavior with respect to the laser polarization direction, when the molecule is aligned with a nonzero angle to the linearly polarized laser field. We demonstrate that this asymmetry is due to the nonzero initial transverse displacement of the electron wave packet at tunneling. By analyzing the holographic interference, this transverse displacement for the launching of electron wave packet tunneling from the molecules is accurately retrieved. This displacement is directly related to the electron density distribution in molecules, and thus our work developed a novel concept for probing electronic structure in molecules.     

Influence of laser intensity on the double-resonance multiphoton ionization process of NO molecule

The analytic formula of the ionization efficiency in the process of double resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization （DREMPI） is derived from the dynamic rate equation about the interaction of photon and material. Based on this formula, the ionization efficiency and the laser power index versus laser intensity in the DREMPI process of NO molecule, via A2E and S2E intermediate resonant states, is numerically simulated. It is shown that the ionization efficiency of NO molecule increases with the laser intensity until getting saturation, while the laser power index decreases with the enhancement of the laser intensity and changes to zero at last. The variation of the laser power index with the laser intensity indicates that the ionization efficiency reaches saturation in the one, two, and three excitation steps respectively. It is also found that the narrower the laser pulse duration is, the higher becomes the laser intensity for saturation.     

Ionization in an intense field considering Coulomb correction

We derive a simple ionization rate formula for the ground state of a hydrogen atom in the velocity gauge under the conditions:ω1 a.u.(a.u.is short for atomic unit) and γ1(ω is the laser frequency and y is the Keldysh parameter).Comparisons are made among the different versions of the Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss(KFR) theory.The numerical study shows that with considering the quasi-classical(WKB) Coulomb correction in the final state of the ionized electron,the photoionization rate is enhanced compared with without considering the Coulomb correction,and the Reiss theory with the WKB Coulomb correction gives the correct result in the tunneling regime.Our concise formula of the ionization rate may provide an insight into the ionization mechanism for the ground state of a hydrogen atom.     

Filling gap of combination of gauge and analytical method in KFR-like theory

Bauer recently presented a formula for the ionization rate of a hydrogen atom in a strong linearly polarized laser field[J.Phys.B 49145601(2016)].He started from the Keldysh probability amplitude in the length gauge and utilized Reiss’s method in the velocity gauge.Instead,according to the Reiss probability amplitude in the velocity gauge and Keldysh’s derivation for the length gauge,we derive a formula for the ionization rate of a ground-state hydrogen atom or a hydrogenlike atom in a strong linearly polarized laser field.We compare the numerical results of the total ionization rate and the photoelectron energy distribution calculated from our formula with the results from Keldysh,Reiss,and Bauer.We find that the apparent discrepancies in the ionization rate are caused not only by different gauges,but also by different analytical methods used to derive the ionization rate.     

Significant discrepancy between the ionization time for parallel and anti-parallel electron emission in sequential double ionization

The ionization time in sequential double ionization with an elliptically polarized laser pulse has been examined theo- retically using a semiclassical method. The significant discrepancy between the ionization time for parallel and anti-parallel electron emission is predicted numerically for the first time. The impact of the carrier envelope phase offset is also studied in this work.     

Nonsequential double ionization of the aligned hydrogen molecule in strong field

This paper studies the nonsequential double ionization(NSDI) process of diatomic molecules aligned parallel and perpendicular to an intense linearly polarized laser field by using a three-dimensional semiclassical model.With this model,it achieves insight into the ion momentum distribution under the combined influence of a two-centre Coulomb potential and an intense laser field,and this result shows the significant influence of molecular alignment on the ratio between double and single ionization rate.Careful investigations show that the NSDI process for different alignment molecules has a close relation to the laser intensity and the different bounding electron distribution has a significant influence on the final ion momentum distribution.     

Comparative study on atomic ionization in bicircular laser fields by length and velocity gauges S-matrix theory

Ionization of atoms in counter-rotating and co-rotating bicircular laser fields is studied using the S-matrix theory in both length and velocity gauges.We show that for both the bicircular fields,ionization rates are enhanced when the two circularly polarized lights have comparable intensities.In addition,the curves of ionization rate versus the field amplitude ratio of the two colors for counter-rotating and co-rotating fields coincide with each other in the length gauge case at the total laser intensity 5×10~(14) W/cm~2,which agrees with the experimental observation.Moreover,the degree of the coincidence between the ionization rate curves of the two bicircular fields decreases with the increasing field amplitude ratio and decreasing total laser intensity.With the help of the ADK theory,the above characteristics of the ionization rate curves can be well interpreted,which is related to the transition from the tunneling to multiphoton ionization mechanism.     

Double ionization of helium interacting with elliptically polarized laser pulse by classical ensemble simulations

This paper uses the classical ensemble method to study the double ionization of a 2-dimensional (2D) model helium atom interacting with an elliptically polarized laser pulse. The classical ensemble calculation demonstrates that the ratio of double to single ionization decreases with the increasing ellipticity of the driving field. The classical scenario shows that there are hardly any e--e recollisions with the circularly polarized laser pulse. The double ionization probability is studied for linearly and circularly polarized laser pulses. The classical numerical results are consistent with the semiclassical rescattering mechanism and in agreement with the experimental results and the quantum calculations qualitatively.     

Simulation of cross-correlation method for temporal characterization of VUV free-electron-lasers

The cross-correlation method for temporal characterization is investigated using simulations of the two- color above threshold ionization （ATI） on He induced by a vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） free-electron laser （FEL） in the presence of an infrared （IR） field. Non-linear dependencies of the sideband structure pro- duced in the two-color ATI process are expressed as a function of IR laser intensity by considering the spatial distributions and temporal jitter of both lasers. The temporal properties of the FEL pulse can be characterized accurately using the cross-correlation method at a low IR laser intensity of ~3~101~ W/cm2 but with low cross-correlation signals. When the dynamic range of sidebands is increased to high IR intensity, the accuracy of the cross-correlation method becomes crucially dependent on the actual non- linear index. An approach of determining this index is proposed here to improve the accuracy of temporal characterizations.     

Ionization and single electron capture in collision of highly charged Ar16+ ions with helium

This paper uses the two-centre atomic orbital close-coupling method to study the ionization and the single electron capture in collision of highly charged Ar^16＋ ions with He atoms in the velocity range of 1.2-1.9 a.u.. The relative importance of single ionization （SI） to single capture （SC） is explored. The comparison between the calculation and experimental data shows that the SI/SC cross section ratios from this work are in good agreement with experimental data. The total single electron ionization cross sections and the total single electron capture cross sections are also given for this collision. The investigation of the partial electron capture cross section shows a general tendency of capture to larger n and l with increasing velocity from 1.2 to 1.9 a.u..     

Dielectronic Recombination of Sn^10＋ Ions and Related Satellite Spectra

Based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method, theoretical calculations are carried out for the dielectronic recombination （DR） rate coefficients and the collision excitation rate coefficients of Sn^10＋ ions. It is found that the total DR rate coefficient has its maximum value between 10eV and 100eV and is greater than either the radiative recombination or three-body recombination rate coefficients （the number of free electrons per unit is 10^21 cm^3） for the ease of Te 〉 1 eV. Therefore, DR can strongly influence the ionization balance of laser produced multi-charged tin ions. The related dieleetronie satellite cannot be ignored at low temperature Te 〈 5 eV.     

Space-Selective Precipitation of Ba2TiSi2O8 Crystals in Sm3^＋-Doped BaO-TiO2-SiO2 Glass by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation

The ferroelectric crystal Ba2TiSi2O8 with high second-order optical nonlinearity is precipitated in Sm^3＋-doped BaO-TiO2-SiO2 glass by a focused 800hm, 250 kHz and 150fs femtosecond laser irradiation. No apparent blue and red emissions are observed at the beginning, while strong blue emission due to second harmonic generation and red emission due to the f-f transitions of Sm^3＋ are observed near the focal point of the laser beam after irradiation for 25s. Micro-Raman spectra confirm that Ba2 TiSi2O8 crystalline dots and lines are formed after laser irradiation. The mechanism of the phenomenon is discussed.     

Spectral Hole-Burning of Eu^3＋：Y2SiO5 Crystal at 16 K

By using an Ar^＋ ion laser, a tunable Rh 6G dye laser （linewidth 0.5cm^-1） pumped by the second harmonic of a YAG：Nd laser and a Coherent 899-21 dye laser as light sources and using a monochromator, a phase-locking amplifier and a computer as the data detecting system, we detect the optical properties of Eu^3＋-doped Y2SiO5 crystal. Persistent ,spectral hole burning （PSHB） are observed in the Eu^3＋ ions spectral lines （^5 Do-T Fo transition） in the crystal at the temperature of 16K. For 15mW dye laser burning the crystal for 0.1 s spectral holes with hole width about 80 MHz both at 579.62nm and at 579.82nm are detected and the holes can remain for a long time, more than 10h.     

Luminescent Characteristics of LiSrBO3：Eu3＋ Phosphor for White Light Emitting Diode

LiSrBO3 ：Eu3＋ phosphor is synthesized by a high solid-state reaction method, and its luminescent characteristics are investigated. The emission and excitation spectra of LiSrBO3：Eu3＋ phosphors exhibit that the phosphors can be effectively excited by near ultraviolet （401 nm） and blue （471 nm） light, and emit 615nm red light. The effect of Eua＋ concentration on the emission spectrum of LiSrBO3：Eu3＋ phosphor is studied; the results show that the emission intensity increases with increasing Eu3＋ concentration, and then decreases because of concentration quenching. It reaches the maximum at 3mol%, and the concentration self-quenching mechanism is the dipoledipole interaction according to the Dexter theory. Under the conditions of charge compensation Li＋, Na＋ or K＋ incorporated in LiSrBO3, the luminescent intensities of LiSrBO3 ：Eua＋ phosphor are enhanced.     

High Power Continuous-Wave and Acousto-Optic Q-Switched Nd：GdVO4 Laser Operated at 912 nm

We present a high power and efficient operation of the ^4F3/2 → ^4I9/2 transition in Nd：GdVO4 at 912nm. In the cw mode, the maximum output power of 8.6 W is achieved when the incident pump power is 40.3 W, leading to a slope efficiency of 33.3% and an optical-optical efficiency of 21.3%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest cw laser power at 912nm obtained with the conventional Nd：GdVO4 crystal. Pulsed operation of 912nm laser has also been realized by inserting a small aeousto-optie （A-O） Q-Switch inside the resonator. As a result, the minimal pulse width of 20ns and the average laser power 1.43 W at the repetition rate of lOkHz are obtained, corresponding to 7.1 kW peak power. We believe that this is the highest laser peak power at 912nm. Furthermore, duration of 65ns has also been acquired when the repetition rate is 100 kHz.     

Preparation and Luminescence Characteristics of Ca3Y2（BO3）4：Eu^3＋ Phosphor

Ca3Y2 （BO3）4：Eu^3＋ phosphor is synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction method, and the Iuminescence characteristics are investigated. The emission spectrum exhibits two strong red emissions at 613 and 621 nm corresponding to the electric dipole ^5 Do- ^7F2 transition of Eu^3＋ under 365 nm excitation, the reason is that Eu^3＋ substituting for Y^3＋ occupies the non-centrosymmetric position in the crystal structure of Ca3 Y2 （BO3）4. The excitation spectrum for 613 nm indicates that the phosphor can be effectively excited by ultraviolet （UV） （254 nm, 365nm and 400nm） and blue （470nm） light. The effect of Eu^3＋ concentration on the emission intensity of Ca3 Y2 （BO3）4 ：Eu^3＋ phosphor is measured, the result shows that the emission intensities increase with increasing Eu^3＋ concentration, then decrease. The CIE colour coordinates of Ca3Y2 （BO3）4：Eu^3＋ phosphor is （0.639, 0.357） at 15mol% Eu^3＋.     

Structural Deformation of CO22+ in Intense Femtosecond Laser Fields

The angular distributions of CO^＋ from the dissociation of CO2^2＋ and CO2^＋ in intense femtosecond laser fields （45 fs, about 5 × 10^15 W/cm^2） are studied at a laser wavelength of 800nm based on the time-of-flight mass spectra of CO^＋ fragment ions. The experimental results show that structural deformation occurs in the charge state of CO2^2＋ and the CO^＋ maintains linear geometrical structure.     

Luminescence Spectra of YGG：RE^3＋, Bi^3＋ （RE = Eu and Tb） and Energy Transfer from Bi^3＋ to RE^3＋

We investigate the luminescence properties of Bi^3＋ and RE^3＋ （RE = Tb or Eu） in a Y3Ga5O12 （YGG） host system. The additional doping of Bi^3＋ can enhance the luminescence of Th^3＋ or Eu^3＋ in this host. Energy transfer from Bi^3＋ to Tb^3＋ and Eu^3＋ is observed and the mechanism of energy transfer is investigated. Mechanism of energy transfer can be explained as electric multipole interaction since the Bi^3＋ emission band and Tb^3＋ or Eu^3＋ excitation band overlaps and the Bi^3＋ emission intensity decreases while the intensity of Tb^3＋ or Eu^3＋ increases with the increase of Tb^3＋ or Eu^3＋ concentration. Therefore, Bi^3＋ ion is a kind of efficient sensitizer to the Tb^3＋ and Eu^3＋ activators in the Y3Ga5O12 host.     

Quantum cutting downconversion by cooperative energy transfer from Bi3+ to Yb3+ in Y2O3 phosphor

Bi~(3+) and Yb~(3+) codoped cubic Y2O3 phosphors are prepared by pechini sol-gel method.Strong near-infrared (NIR) emission around 980 nm from Yb~(3+)(2F5/2 → 2F7/2) is observed under ultraviolet light excitation.A broad excitation band ranging from 320 to 360 nm,owing to the 6s 2 →6s6p transition of Bi~(3+) ions,is recorded when the Yb~(3+) emission is monitored,which suggests a very efficient energy transfer from Bi~(3+) ions to Yb~(3+) ions.The Yb~(3+) concentration dependences of both the Bi~(3+) and the Yb~(3+) emissions are investigated.The decay curve of Bi ~(3+) emission under the excitation of 355 nm pulse laser is used to explore the Bi~(3+) →Yb~(3+) energy transfer process.Cooperative energy transfer (CET) is discussed as a possible mechanism for the near-infrared emission.     

Fluorescence Properties of Ce+3-doped BaF2

The spectra and decay times of a serious of Ce⁺³—doped BaF₂ crystals have been determined.The results demonstrate that a BaF₂ crystal with a proper amount of Ce⁺³ doped have some outstanding advantages:a near-blue fluorescence with quite fast decay time (80ns) replaces the slow component (600ns) and vary fast one (～0.8ns) of undoped BaF₂.The intensity of the new component is comparable with the sum of the old ones.