双阳极磁控注入枪束流特性的研究

 介绍了用于34GHz基波回旋速调管的双阳极磁控注入枪的结构特点，为了准确分析磁控注入枪的束流特性，建立了阴极表面理论模型，用新编制的程序模拟了电子轨迹。模拟和测量结果显示磁场对磁控注入枪的束流有影响，磁控注入枪的束流也与阴极温度和空间电荷效应有关系。     

Improved Computer Program for Magnetron Injection Gun Design

Gyrotron has received extensive attention owing to its high-power capability, especially when the wavelength shrinks below the millimeter-wave range. The electron beam of a gyrotron is typically generated by a magnetron injection gun (MIG). For high cathode current density, the MIG may operate in a region that combines temperature limited and space-charge limited emissions. An improved computer program for electron gun design is appropriate for MIGs that operate between space-charge limited and temperature limited emission. Moreover, the initial input formation of the program resembles that of the EGUN code. Analysis of a Pierce electron gun and MIGs reveals that the stimulated beam current appears consistent with the measured results. However, EGUN simulation results in which the cathode emitters of MIGs are chosen for the temperature limited emission differ from those of our simulation results. This difference is most likely owing to that the initial emitting energy can not be completely described in the EGUN simulation. Finally, the improved computer program is used to design a MIG for a Ka-band, TE₀₁ mode gyro-TWT.     

8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管放大器双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计

 计算了8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管双阳极电子枪的设计参数，根据这些参数，采用EGUN软件进行模拟和优化，设计出了一只双阳极磁控注入电子枪，该枪的电子束纵横速度比为1.45，速度零散为5.4%，并讨论了电极形状、磁场分布、电流、控制极电压和第二阳极电压对电子注性能的影响，结果发现电子注对这些影响因子非常敏感，设计中应对它们进行充分优化。     

双阳极磁控注入枪设计参数对其性能的影响分析

 对34GHz基波回旋管双阳极磁控注入枪的优化做了详细的研究和计算，数值模拟了阳极电压、注电流、枪体尺寸加工误差、外加直流磁场等因素对电子枪的影响。模拟结果表明：增大阳极电压不但可以提高速度比，而且可以降低横向速度零散。磁场压缩比减小，使电子注具有最小速度零散的电流值增大；同时，电子注的速度比降低，最小横向速度零散值也增大。必须慎重选择阳极形状，以提高电子枪的性能并保证电子注的稳定性；同时，还发现由于阳极结构的变化导致阴极电场分布的变化，使电子注的注电流在各因子变化过程中出现了微小的扰动。减小Bc可以增大电子注的速度比，还可以减小电子注的横向速度零散，但是当电子注的速度比增大到一定值时，电子注的性能就会变得不太稳定。     

回旋速调管双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计与优化

 根据8 mm回旋速调管放大器对双阳极磁控注入电子枪的要求，分析了电极形状、阳极电压、磁场、注电流对电子注横纵速度比和速度零散的影响，并进行了粒子模拟。分析表明：这些因素可归根为电场和磁场的作用，阴极附近高的电场有助于提高横纵速度比和降低速度零散；而高的磁场及低的磁压缩比将降低横纵速度比，但对速度零散影响无明显规律。在此基础上通过优化电极形状、磁场分布、电流、第一阳极电压和第二阳极电压，模拟并试制出工作电压65 kV、电流12 A、磁场1.4 T的双阳极电子枪，得到的横纵速度比值为1.4，横向速度零散为4.5%， 为8 mm回旋速调管提供了稳定高质量的电子注。     

Sources of velocity spread in electron beams from magnetron injection guns

Calculated trajectories for the electron beam of a known gyrotron have been analysed to determine the relative importance of some of the contributions to velocity spread. For the geometry analysed, space-charge and thermal velocities at the cathode produced only a small part of the calculated velocity spread; much more was generated by the variation of electric field over the length of the cathode surface. The total range of transverse velocity was substantially reduced by adjustment of the shape of one electrode.     

磁控注入电子枪的研究

介绍了毫米波回旋速调管磁控注入电子枪的结构与特点.依据回旋管对电子枪的要求,考虑相对论效应和空间电荷效应,编制了一套计算程序.利用电子枪模拟程序对电子轨迹进行模拟计算,研究了电极形状、磁场分布以及电子轨迹与电子注参量的影响,为磁控注入电子枪的设计提供了理论依据. The Structure and characteristics of the magnetron injection gun (MIG) for mm wave gyro-klytron are introduced. According to the requirements for the gyro-klytron, the relativistic effect and the space charge effect is taken into account . A program is developed for CAD. An electron gun code is used to simulate the electron trajectory, the influence of electrode shape, magnet field, electron trajectory on the electron beam have been studied. The theory for design of the electron gun is presented.     

Electron Gun for Powerful Short Pulse Gyrotron with Operating Magnetic Field 8 T

High power short pulse gyrotron with operating frequency 395 GHz operating on the second cyclotron harmonic is now under developing at FIR FU. The gyrotron is planned to use in future experiments for plasma diagnostics. For this purpose the output power about 100 kW and pulse duration 100 ns at least are needed. Preliminary estimations of parameters of some versions of the electron guns with accelerating potential U₀= 70-100 kV were performed. Possibilities of non-adiabatic as well as adiabatic guns were considered. It was shown that non-adiabatic system is not reliable for such rather low value of U₀, the adiabatic magnetron injection gun (MIG) is more preferable for the gyrotron design. Analytical estimations of the suitable MIG dimensions and operating regime to form good quality electron beam were fulfilled. Numerical optimization of the gun shape and position was performed. It was shown that in spite of the extremely big ratio of the operating current (I₀= 18 A) to the Langmuir current of the gun, close to 0.4-0.5, the suggested MIG can form the helical electron beam (HEB) which is suitable for gyrotron operation properties.     

回旋管双阳极磁控注入枪的边界元法计算

 根据边界元法建立物理与数学模型,编制了计算磁控注入枪的程序。使用该程序设计和模拟一个工作在35 GHz,70 kV,10 A基波回旋行波管放大器的双阳极磁控注入枪,获得较好的模拟结果。并对电子注在不同工作电压和磁场下的质量进行了分析计算。计算表明,边界元法在分析回旋器件电子光学方面是一种非常有效的方法。     

170 GHz回旋管大束流双阳极磁控注入电子枪的分析及设计

 基于绝热压缩原理和强流电子光学理论,设计了一只170 GHz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪,经过理论分析及计算,采用仿真软件进行模拟和优化,最终得到的电子枪的电子注速度比为1.31,横向速度零散度为3.5%,纵向速度零散度为6.1%,束电流为51 A。讨论了阴极磁场、控制阳极电压和第二阳极电压等因素对电子注性能的影响,发现电子注的速度比和速度零散度对这些影响因子的变化都非常敏感:随着阴极磁场的增大,电子注的速度比减小,纵向速度零散度先增大后减小,横向速度零散度先减小后增大;阳极角越接近阴极倾角,纵向速度零散度越小;阳极角向着减小阴阳极间距的方向变化时横向速度零散度变小;增大第一阳极电压可以增大电子注的速度比和电子注的速度零散度。在两阳极电压不变的情况下,增大阴阳极之间的距离会使电子注的速度零散度和电子注的速度比减小。     

Wiggler聚焦带状注速调管电子光学系统的设计

 带状注速调管可以在高频段实现高功率微波输出，电子光学系统是带状注速调管的关键部件。阐述了Wiggler双平面聚焦理论，设计了新型椭圆形柱面阴极和椭圆形聚焦极结构，阴极曲率半径为17 mm，长轴10 mm，短轴4 mm；聚焦极长轴28.8 mm，短轴10.4 mm。采用这种结构可以直接产生椭圆形带状电子注，且阴极发射电流密度较为均匀。设计了周期长度为8 mm，总长度为108 mm，中间带有凹槽并可以实现双平面聚焦的Wiggler结构，模拟显示电子注填充因子在75%左右，通过率达到100%。设计了新型的菱形收集极结构，电子轨迹在收集极内发散均匀。     

1THz回旋管双阳极磁控注入电子枪的分析及设计

基于电子光学理论,通过编程进行大量的数值计算,设计了一支用于1THz回旋管的双阳极磁控注入式电子枪.对双阳极磁控注入电子枪的计算及设计进行了阐述,并对1 THz回旋管电子枪中高磁压缩比(f_m=125)可能导致电子反转的问题进行了详细的分析和模拟.通过对电子枪进行了仿真和优化,最后计算和设计了一支速度比适中(α=1.3),速度零散较小(Δβ<8%) 的电子枪.     

低速度零散的双阳极磁控注入电子枪设计

根据0.14 THz共焦波导回旋行波管对电子枪的要求,完成了双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计。使用PIC软件对理论设计得到的结构参数进行了模拟优化,最终得到该枪的电子注横纵速度比为0.75,纵向速度零散1.33%。讨论了电极形状、阴极磁场、控制极电压及发射电流对电子注性能的影响,结果表明,设计过程中应对它们进行充分的优化。     

Modelling and Simulation of Magnetron Infection Guns for Submillimeter Wave Gyrotrons

The software package GUN-MIG has been developed for computer simulation of beam formation in magnetron injection guns (MIG). It is based on a fully relativistic self-consistent physical model which takes into account the specific problems and requirements that are being encountered in the analysis and design of MIG for gyrotrons. Besides providing a general outline of the physical models and the program implementation of the code, several illustrative examples of the numerical experiments with real MIG for submillimeter wave gyrotrons are presented and discussed.     

8 mm三次谐波潘尼管大回旋电子枪设计

根据现有磁体条件和工艺设计了一过渡区较长的倒向磁场系统,其主磁场为0.396 T,反向磁场为-0.033 T,并给出了一种实用8 mm三次谐波潘尼管电子枪的设计结果。该大回旋电子枪工作在43.5 kV,1.45 A下,阴极可置于轴向磁场幅值渐减区域。该结构电子枪不追求在通过反转点之前形成薄的环形电子束,不利用突变倒向磁场,不需要刻意控制磁力线与电子注包络走向的一致性,显著降低了调试的难度和要求。最终优化所得电子注的纵向速度零散为4.78%,偏心率为7.18%,速度比高达2.2,而速度比的零散仅为4.88%,满足三次谐波潘尼管的要求。经大信号模拟计算,在该电子枪驱动下,潘尼管器件功率可达31.9 kW,效率高达49.4%,总体参量仍具有吸引力且建立在可实现的电子光学系统基础上。     

微脉冲电子枪的初步实验研究

给出了微脉冲电子枪的模拟计算及其初步实验结果. 该电子枪采用铜铝镁合金作为冷阴极材料, 在以磁控管作为微波功率源的出束实验中得到了100mA/cm²的电流密度.实验结果与次级电子倍增解析计算和SEEG程序的模拟计算结果基本符合, 初步验证了微脉冲电子枪的基本原理, 为今后实验中得到更大的电流密度打下了基础.     

行波管电子枪数值模拟设计的判定

 提出了采用数值软件模拟法进行行波管电子枪设计时对电子注质量好坏的判断准则：电子枪应具有更好的阴极表面电子发射密度均匀性、电子注层流性、注腰位置附近电子注径向密度分布均匀性及某百分比电子注包络曲线的光滑性等。利用编写的软件对某行波管电子枪进行数值模拟设计时,不断调整电子枪的结构,应用以上设计准则,通过对电子注质量进行判定和比较,得到了相对更符合设计要求的电子枪结构。     

Study of Intense Electron Beams Produced by High-Voltage Pulsed Glow Discharges

We report the generation of high-current-density (20 A/cm2) pulsed electron beams from high-voltage (48-100 kV) glow discharges using cathodes 7.5 cm in diameter. The pulse duration was determined by the energy of the pulse generator and varied between 0.2 ?s and several microseconds, depending on the discharge current. The largest electron beam current (900 A) was obtained with an oxidized aluminum cathode in a helium-oxygen atmosphere. An oxidized magnesium cathode produced similar results, and a molybdenum cathode operated at considerably lower currents. A small-diameter (<1 mm) well-collimated beam of energetic electrons of very high current density (>1 kA/cm2) was also observed to develop in the center of the discharge. Electrostatic probe measurements show that the negative glow plasma density and the electron beam current have a similar spatial distribution. Electron temperatures of 1-1.5 eV were measured at 7 cm from the cathode. The plasma density (8.5 · 1011 cm-3 at 450 A) was found to depend linearly on the discharge current. In discharges at high currents a denser and higher temperature plasma region was observed to develop at approximately 20 cm from the cathode. We have modeled the process of electron beam generation and predicted the energy distribution of the electron beam. More than 95 percent of the electron beam energy is calculated to be within 10 percent of that corresponding to the discharge voltage.     

低反轰多腔热阴极微波电子枪物理设计

 为了开展基于自由电子激光的紧凑型太赫兹源技术研究,获得高品质（强流、低能散、低发射度）电子束,提出了一个低反轰双路微波馈入多腔热阴极微波电子枪的设计方案。用两路独立微波馈入激励微波电子枪,一路由首腔馈入激励首腔和实现阴极表面建场引出电子,另一路由后续腔馈入并通过腔间耦合激励各腔。两路微波互不耦合,通过移相器实现首腔和第2腔之间的相移连续可调。理论模拟结果表明:在一个射频周期内,热阴极微波电子枪的电子反轰功率约8 kW,平均反轰功率仅为1.2 W（重复频率25 Hz和脉宽6 μs）。     

栅网结构碳纳米管冷阴极电子光学系统的设计

基于碳纳米管冷阴极实验测试结果,采用三维粒子模拟软件对大面积碳纳米管冷阴极的场致发射特性进行了仿真,研究了栅网结构不同尺寸对碳纳米管冷阴极场致发射特性及电子注通过率的影响,并在此基础上设计出面积压缩比为18,输出电流密度为14.9 A/cm2的带状注电子枪。为进一步研制碳纳米管冷阴极电子光学系统和相关微波、毫米波电真空辐射源器件提供了技术基础。