基于Nb/Al材料结构的超导纳米线单光子探测器的光学表征（英文）

本文主要研究了作为可见光和近红外光波段Nb基单光子探测器.在本文中概述了Nb+Al结构的超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)的制备,并对制备出的SNSPD器件进行了直流表征,测试了其超导转变温度,并从中选取了直流特性良好的样品进行了光学表征.当单光子探测器被一个直流偏置在其临界电流以下并接近临界电流值时,激光器发出的1550nm波段的光子脉冲到达单光子探测器,使其产生电学信号.20nm厚的SNSPD不能对单光子产生反应;5nm厚的SNSPD可以探测单个光子,并且计算了其系统探测效率.     

面向窄线宽超导纳米线单光子探测器的电子束曝光技术

超导纳米线单光子探测器是新型超导电子器件,因其具有高探测效率、低暗计数及低时间抖动等优势,在量子信息、激光雷达等方面已得到广泛的应用.目前主流超导纳米线单光子探测器主要工作在1.5_m 以下的可见光和近红外波段.中红外波长的红外探测技术在基础科学、医学、日常生活以及军事等广泛领域发挥着重要作用,中红外单光子探测器可以使得中红外波段探测技术进入量子极限灵敏度.根据超导纳米线单光子探测器探测机理,超窄线宽的纳米线条可以提升超导纳米线单光子探测器在中红外波长的灵敏度.电子束曝光技术是目前实现超导纳米线单光子探测器纳米线线条加工的主流技术,电子束抗蚀剂种类繁多,面向超窄线宽超导纳米线单光子探测器器件的制备需求,对两款抗蚀剂进行性能测试表征,和窄纳米线制备尝试.根据负性电子束抗蚀剂MaN-2401在制备窄线宽时的显著优点,优化工艺,利用其成功制备出50nm 线宽超导纳米线单光子探测器并成功实现了2000nm 的单光子响应.     

自差分交流偏置超导纳米线单光子探测器

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)因其优异的综合性能,在量子信息、激光雷达等方面有广泛的应用.通常, SNSPD工作在直流偏置下,在时域上具有自由运行探测的优点.而在卫星激光测距、单光子激光雷达等光信号到达时间有规律的应用场景中,使用交流偏置有望提升器件运行速率、有效抑制背景暗计数,却存在信号读出困难的棘手问题.本文报道了自差分读出的交流偏置SNSPD系统,该系统包含两根并行排布纳米线构成的2-pixel SNSPD器件.给两根纳米线加载相同的100 MHz交流偏置信号,并对两路输出信号差分使噪声信号相抵消,实现光子响应信号的读出.基于该方法测得,响应信号的信噪比相比差分之前提升10倍,在交流偏置下器件的暗计数降低至直流偏置下的约1/4,计数率达到直流偏置下的约1.5倍.本文为交流偏置SNSPD测试提供了一种思路,为其应用提供参考数据.     

超导纳米线单光子探测器件的制备

超导纳米线单光子探测器件(SNSPD)是超导单光子探测系统的核心器件。文中介绍了成功制备的基于5nm厚的NbN超导超薄薄膜的SNSPD器件。器件核心结构为150nm宽的纳米曲折线结构,纳米线条占空比为75%,面积为20μm×20μm。超导纳米线是利用电子束曝光(EBL)技术和反应离子刻蚀(RIE)等工艺技术制备的。所制备的SNSPD样品,在温度3.5K下的临界电流约12.9μA;在1310nm波长光波辐照,12.5μA的偏置电流下,探测效率约0.016%。     

多波长飞秒激光激发下GaAs纳米线SHG特性研究

本文基于有限元法研究了直立生长于GaAs衬底的GaAs纳米线的光场响应和光场增强性质. 实验使用多个波长的飞秒激光脉冲激发GaAs纳米线, 测得了较高效率的二次谐波信号, 并首次使用宽带超连续飞秒脉冲 (1000–1300 nm) 在纳米线上获取了宽带、无杂散荧光噪声的二次谐波信号. 这种高效的二次谐波产生过程主要归因于纳米结构引起的局域场增强效应. 本文阐明了GaAs纳米线的二次谐波倍频特性, 这些结果对于其在纳米光学中的光器件、 光集成等领域的进一步研究和实际应用具有很好的参考价值. 关键词： GaAs纳米线 二次谐波 飞秒激光     

基于电热模型的SNSPD 响应过程模拟与时间抖动分析

超导单光子探测器(SNSPD) 具有高探测效率, 低时间抖动、 低暗计数率、 高计数率等优点. 文章通过对纳米线电热过程的建模, 分析了纳米线的电热响应过程, 探讨了负载电阻、 偏置电流和动态电感对 SNSPD 响应时间的影响, 结合蒙特卡洛方法来模拟研究了纳米线空间不均匀性对于SNSPD 时间抖动的影响, 结果表明随着纳米线空间不均匀性的增加, 纳米线的时间抖动不断增加, 并求出了典型的时间抖动约为7.73 ps     

超导纳米线单光子探测器光子响应机制研究进展

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)已在量子信息、深空激光通信、激光雷达等众多领域发挥了重要的作用.虽然SNSPD经过二十年的研究,但其光子响应本征机制还有待完善.深入理解与厘清其光子响应过程是研发高性能探测器的前提与关键.现在较为成熟的超导纳米线单光子探测器响应理论有热点模型和涡旋模型.但是这两种理论都存在一定的缺陷,前者存在截止波长,后者存在尺寸效应,都需要进一步完善.超导相位滑移是超导体的内禀性耗散,有望用于解释超导纳米线单光子探测器的光子响应过程,形成统一完备的理论.这三种模型是对SNSPD光子检测理解的不断深入:热点模型是一种唯象模型,研究电子-声子等准粒子体系的相互作用;涡旋模型由Ginzburg-Landau方程和电磁学方程出发,研究涡旋在超导体中的运动及其带来的超导态耗散;相位滑移模型是基于量子力学的解释,研究热扰动和宏观量子隧穿引发的超导态耗散.本文综述了热点模型、涡旋模型和超导相位滑移的基本概念、发展历史和研究进展,讨论和对比了这三种理论的特点和发展前景,为超导纳米线单光子探测器光子检测理论研究提供参考和借鉴.     

串联超导纳米线探测器的多光子响应

超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)具有探测效率高、暗计数低等优点,但通常工作在非线性模式,不具备光子数分辨的能力.在线性光学、量子计算等许多领域,通常还要求探测器能够对入射的光子数进行分辨.目前基于超导纳米线单光子探测器实现光子数分辨主要有三种途径:阵列结构的读出电路非常复杂,并联纳米线探测器(PND)的漏电流限制了最多可分辨的光子数目和系统效率,串联纳米线探测器(SND)的读出电路简单,而且没有漏电流,理论上可以分辨大量的光子数目,同时获得较高的系统效率.本文基于串联纳米线探测器结构,设计了一种6像元串联纳米线探测器,即6个纳米线单元串联,每个纳米线单元两端并联一个电阻RP.实验结果表明,在不同光功率下,该结构可以实现6个光子的分辨,而且可以工作在0.97IC,没有漏电流影响.     

铌/铝SNSPD的光耦合结构和性能表征

对铌/铝超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)的光耦合结构和性能表征进行了研究。通过溅射与剥离的方法制作了超薄铌/铝SNSPD,设计了带有激光准直器的光耦合结构和封装方法,并搭建了可靠的低温测试系统。在700m K下表征了SNSPD的直流特性,得到了单光子响应脉冲和1550nm波长下的探测效率,并研究了探测效率和暗计数率与偏置电流的关系。     

不同样式的高功率微波对双极晶体管的损伤效应和机理

结合Si基n⁺-p-n-n⁺ 外延平面双极晶体管, 通过分析器件内部的温度分布变化以及电流密度和烧毁时间随信号幅值的变化关系, 研究了其在三角波信号、正弦波信号和方波脉冲信号等三种样式的高功率微波信号作用下的损伤效应和机理. 研究表明, 三种高功率微波信号注入下器件的损伤部位都是发射结, 在频率和信号幅值相同的情况下方波脉冲信号更容易使器件损伤; 位移电流密度和烧毁时间随信号幅值的增大而增大, 而位移电流在总电流所占的比例随信号幅值的增大而减小; 相比于因信号变化率而引起的位移电流, 信号注入功率在高幅值信号注入损伤过程中占主要作用. 利用数据分析软件, 分别得到了三种信号作用下器件烧毁时间和信号频率的变化关系式. 结果表明, 器件烧毁时间随信号频率的增加而增加, 烧毁时间和频率都符合t= af^b的关系式. 关键词： 双极晶体管 高功率微波 损伤机理 信号样式     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.