HL-2A装置超声分子束注入加料效率的研究

利用多道远红外HCN激光干涉仪实时测量了等离子体中的粒子数增量,首次得到了HL-2A等离子体偏滤器位形和孔栏位形下强场侧和弱场侧SMBI的加料效率,结果与法国Tore Supra装置的SMBI加料效率的范围相一致。     

HL—1M等离子体加料密度特性

等离子体加料和密度控制是磁约束核聚变基本研究内容之一。HL－1M实验装置用8发PI系统与SMBI和GP组成联合加料系统,以它们相互配合进行了一系列放电实验,取得了丰硕的成果,本文就等离子体电子密度、改善约束特性与燃料粒子注入深度、放电装置器壁再循环的关系等结果作一介绍。     

基于超声分子束和普通充气的聚变等离子体密度反馈实验研究

本文介绍了全超导托卡马克装置EAST实验中等离子体密度反馈的方法和结果. EAST密度反馈采用普通充气 (gas puffing) 和超声分子束 (supersonic molecule beam injection, SMBI) 在放电过程中反馈进气, 获得稳定、预期的等离子体密度. 典型的一天放电实验中, 每次放电的充气量和壁滞留的变化可分为两个阶段: 第一阶段为初始约20次放电, 该阶段充气量非常高且呈指数趋势下降, 粒子滞留率为80%–90%, 壁滞留迅速上升. 第二阶段为随后的约50次放电, 该阶段充气量较小且保持稳定, 粒子滞留率为50%–70%, 壁滞留缓慢上升. SMBI的加料效率为15%–30%, 延迟时间小于5 ms. 因此使用SMBI 进行密度反馈效果优于gas puffing反馈, 相同条件下前者充气量较后者减少了～ 30%, 壁滞留减少了～ 40%, 再循环系数也相应减少. gas puffing反馈时, 采用脉宽调制模式效果优于脉幅调制模式. SMBI密度反馈可以作为未来EAST长脉冲高参数放电的主要手段之一. 关键词： 密度反馈 超声分子束 再循环 壁滞留     

HL-1M装置等离子体的MARFE现象

在HL-1M装置上用分子束注入等离子体的气体加料方法提高了等离子体的电子密度。当线平均电子密度从 4× 10 13cm-3 上升到 7× 10 13cm-3 时 ,利用多道辐射损失测量系统测量到来自等离子体边缘的非对称辐射现象。在强场侧等离子体辐射损失功率密度大大高于弱场侧而线平均电子密度、OⅥ杂质谱线和Hα 谱线明显增加     

托卡马克高场侧低杂波电流驱动模拟研究

利用GENRAY/CQL3D程序研究了EAST装置双零位形下高场侧和低场侧发射低杂波的电流驱动情况。模拟发现,电子密度较小时,高场侧低杂波电流驱动效果不如低场侧。随着电子密度的增加,高场侧低杂波电流驱动的优势逐渐显现,从高场侧发射的低杂波可以将能量沉积在更加靠近等离子体中心的位置。提高环向磁场强度有利于低杂波在高密度条件下传播。增大电子密度时,同比例增大磁平衡位形中的等离子体压强,高场侧低杂波电流驱动效果好于低场侧。     

HL-2A充气弹丸注入加料的数值模拟研究

为了提高 HL-2A 等离子体中弹丸加料深度和加料效率,研制了新型充气弹丸注入加料方法。忽略 充气弹丸非加料包层的烧蚀过程,在 HL-2A 托卡马克位形下,应用 Trans-neut 程序对沉积在径向归一化磁通ψ=0.9 位置处的充气弹丸输运特性及其与本底等离子体自洽的相互作用过程进行了二维数值模拟研究,给出了加料粒子 和本底等离子体剖面的时空演化。发现氘离子在弹丸加料位置的径向内侧沉积、峰化,在径向扩散作用下,芯部 密度不断增加。在加料期间,加料点的离子温度和电子温度降低的区域不断扩展,电子温度剖面在极向上的演化 过程要快于离子温度剖面的演化过程。弹丸沉积位置的归一化分子数密度和径向分布宽度先减小后增加,与加料 处的分子分解源项(即分子密度损失率)先增加而后减小呈负相关。     

氢同位素组合靶丸消融率的同位素修正

国际热核聚变堆(ITER)的芯部加料问题是非常困难的。必须找到某些新的改善芯部加料的机制和新的靶丸注入方式。我们研究了5种氢同位素组合的固态靶丸H2，HD，D2，DT，T2在聚变等离子体中消融过程的同位素修正机制。Parks等人研究了高场侧注入的靶丸消融物质在托卡马克中由于VE产生的径向位移。我们用他们的模型对ITER设计参数作了数值计算。结果表明ITER芯部加料的困难问题有了转机。我们将在另一篇文章中讨论。本文主要介绍5种氢同位素组合固态靶丸消融率的同位素修正对芯部加料效率的影响。     

超声分子束注入密度和宽度对托克马克装置加料深度的影响

基于HL-2A托卡马克装置的真实磁场位形,应用大型边缘等离子体湍流模拟程序BOUT++中的子程序模块trans-neut对不同的超声分子束注入(SMBI)密度和宽度进行模拟.在SMBI过程中,保持单位时间内分子注入个数和注入速度恒定,在恒定通量情况下,通过调整注入分子束密度和宽度来研究SMBI注入深度的变化.研究结果表明:在注入密度较小、注入宽度较大时,SMBI的注入深度更深,分子和原子的分解率和电离率的时空区域较宽.分子分解局域化会抑制全局分解率的增长,而分解局域化又会引发局域分解率的加速增长,进而促进全局分解率的增长,促进效果占优导致在注入速度一定的情况下,恒定通量的分子注入发散角越小,分子注入深度越浅.     

强场和弱场侧超声分子束注入对加料的影响

报道了HL-2A装置最新的实验结果,讨论并研究了超声分子束的注入位置对分子束在等离子体中的消融和穿透的影响,其中包括电离后的分子束粒子在磁场梯度作用和 E × B 漂移下的加速或减速及由此形成的冷通道效应.研究结果表明,磁场梯度和 E × B 漂移对于超声分子束的加料效果、消融和穿透有着重要的作用.强场侧注入可使电离后的电子和离子更深地进入等离子体芯部.这些研究对于更好地理解超声分子束与等离子体的相互作用和优化设计加料系统有一定作用.     

HL-2A装置弹丸注入实验

弹丸注入加料与传统的补充送气加料方式相比具有以下几个优势：（1）更深的燃料沉积，（2）更高的加料效率，（3）更纯净的等离子体等。同时通过弹丸注入加料提高等离子体的性能已在很多托卡马克装置上得到了验证。由于弹丸注入后的粒子沉积会引起局部等离子体温度和密度梯度的变化从而影响等离子体输运性能，所以弹丸注入加料也可以作为研究粒子输运过程的方法。     

Radial transport dynamics studies of SMBI with a newly developed TPSMBI code

In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many tokamak devices.It is crucial to study the transport dynamics of SMBI to improve its fueling efficiency, especially in the high confinement regime. A new one-dimensional(1D) code of TPSMBI has also been developed recently based on a six-field SMBI model in cylindrical coordinate. It couples plasma density and heat radial transport equations together with neutral density transport equations for both molecules and atoms and momentum radial transport equations for molecules. The dominant particle collisional interactions between plasmas and neutrals, such as molecule dissociation, atom ionization and charge-exchange effects, are included in the model. The code is verified to be correct with analytical solutions and also benchmarked well with the trans-neut module of BOUT++ code. Time-dependent radial transport dynamics and mean profile evolution are studied during SMBI with the TPSMBI code in both slab and cylindrical coordinates. Along the SMBI path, plasma density increases due to particle fuelling, while plasma temperature decreases due to heat cooling. Being different from slab coordinate, the curvature effect leads to larger front densities of molecule and atom during SMBI in cylindrical coordinate simulation.     

Investigation of molecular penetration depth variation with SMBI fluxes

We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared.It is found that the penetration depth of molecules strongly depends on the radial convective transport of SMBI and it increases with the increase of the injection velocity.The penetration depth does not vary much once the SMBI injection density is larger than a critical value due to the dramatic increase of the dissociation rate on the fueling path.An effective way to improve the SMBI penetration depth has been predicted,which is SMBI with a large radial injection velocity and a lower molecule injection density than the critical density.     

Simulations of fast component and slow component of SMBI on HL-2A tokamak

It is very important to improve the penetration depth and fueling efficiency of supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) especially for the next generation fusion devices such as ITER. Two components, a fast component(FC) and a slow component(SC), have been observed in the HL-2A SMBI experiments for several years, and the FC can penetrate much more deeply than the common SMBIs which draws a great deal of attention for a better fueling method. It is the first time to the FC and SC of SMBI have been simulated and interpreted in theory and simulation in this paper with the trans-neut module of the BOUT++ code. The simulation results of the FC and SC are clear and distinguishable in the same way as the observation in experiment. For the major mechanism of the FC and SC, it is found that although the difference in the injection velocity has some effect on the penetration depth difference between the FC and SC, it is mainly caused by the self-blocking effect of the first ionized SMB. We also discuss the influence of the initial plasma density on the FC and SC,and the variation of the SC penetration depth with its injection velocity.     

Simulations of the effects of density and temperature profile on SMBI penetration depth based on the HL-2A tokamak configuration

Using the trans-neut module of the BOUT++ code, we study how the fueling penetration depth of supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) is affected by plasma density and temperature profiles. The plasma densities and temperatures in L-mode are initialized to be a set of linear profiles with different core plasma densities and temperatures. The plasma profiles are relaxed to a set of steady states with different core plasma densities or temperatures. For a fixed gradient, the steady profiles are characterized by the core plasma density and temperature. The SMBI is investigated based on the final steady profiles with different core plasma densities or temperatures. The simulated results suggest that the SMB injection will be blocked by dense core plasma and high-temperature plasma. Once the core plasma density is set to be N_(i0)= 1.4N_0(N_0= 1 × 10~(19)m~(-3)) it produces a deeper penetration depth. When N_(i0) is increased from 1.4N_0 to 3.9N_0 at intervals of 0.8N_0, keeping a constant core temperature of T_(e0)= 725 eV at the radial position of ψ = 0.65, the penetration depth gradually decreases. Meanwhile, when the density is fixed at N_(i0)= 1.4N_0 and the core plasma temperature T_(e0) is set to 365 eV,the penetration depth increases. The penetration depth decreases as T_(e0) is increased from 365 eV to 2759 eV. Sufficiently large N_(i0) or T_(e0) causes most of the injected molecules to stay in the scrape-off-layer(SOL) region, lowering the fueling efficiency.     

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对HL-2A装置限制器位形和偏滤器位形下放电气体分别为氘和氦时的等离子体热辐射测量结果做了初步分析,分析结果表明：在偏滤器室注入惰性气体能够有效的降低到达靶板的热辐射;超声分子束注入时,观测到注入粒子在等离子体中输运过程;氦放电时的辐射比值明显高于氘放电时的比值;真空室器壁的处理能够有效地降低辐射损失,硅化对器壁条件的改善效果明显。     

HL-2A托卡马克超声分子束注入深度和加料效果研究

超声分子束注入深度与加料效率是分子束加料研究中的基本课题.在近期开展的超声分子束注入实验中，发现分子束注入深度与等离子体电子温度和密度、分子束源的气压和温度有直接关系，获得了分子束注入深度的定标律.在低温气体源(液氮冷却)的分子束注入实验中，发现分子束流中形成了团簇，其注入深度超过30 cm，分析了在低温气源分子束注入实验中的团簇现象. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 注入深度 加料效率 团簇     

HL-2A装置上超声分子束注入触发L-H转换的实验研究

利用具有定向速度的超声分子束注入技术,研究了HL-2A装置在较低加热功率条件下实现L-H转换的等离子体放电特征,从边缘密度分布的差异比较分析了普通送气和超声分子束注入对L-H转换的影响.实验结果表明,HL-2A装置上采用超声分子束注入可直接触发L-H转换,明显降低L-H转换功率.通过对大量实验数据的分析和整理发现,利用超声分子束注入实现L-H转换的最低加热功率,比同等条件下采用普通送气实现L-H转换的最低加热功率减少约10％.     

HL-2A 装置超声分子束注入缓解偏滤器靶板上边缘局域模热通量研究

在HL-2A 装置上优化和发展了偏滤器靶板上的红外测温系统,并利用该系统分析了高约束模放电期间边缘局域模的热沉积分布特性。在高约束模式放电期间,超声分子束注入使边缘局域模所引起的偏滤器靶板上瞬间热通量峰值下降了~60%,并伴随着边缘局域模爆发频率增加了2~3 倍,而等离子体储能仅下降了~8%。分析结果表明,大幅度的丝状结构在超声分子束注入之后得到了有效抑制,沉积到偏滤器靶板上的瞬间热通量峰值也随之下降。此外,在超声分子束注入之后偏滤器室内的热辐射损失大幅度增加,从而耗散了热输运所携带的部分能量,进一步分散了沉积到偏滤器靶板上的能量,有效地保护了偏滤器靶板。