中国环流器二号A(HL-2A)超声分子束注入最新结果

HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热时,氘脉冲超声分子束穿越分界面,等离子体各项重要参数,包括等离子体储能、极向比压、中平面线平均密度、中心密度和温度上升,中子产额急剧增加. 超声分子束注入有可能较常规脉冲送气在台基顶部提供较强的粒子源,被认为是可供ITER替换脉冲送气的加料方法之一. HL-2A装置氢超声分子束注入的平均速度约为1.7km,与溢流(分子流)注入真空的速度测量作了比较. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 托卡马克 飞行时间法 加料     

HL-2A装置送气和加料的脱靶特性

HL-2A装置辐射偏滤器实验采用边缘补充送气和分子束加料等方法来提高主等离子体密度,降低边缘等离子体温度、增加辐射功率分额,获得脱靶等离子体。偏滤器室内进行主动补充送气或者注入惰性气体杂质,降低偏滤器等离子体温度,获得脱靶等离子体,并首次获得了超声分子束注入产生脱靶等离子体的实验结果。利用HL-2A装置偏滤器同一极向截面内外中性化板上安装的嵌入式探针阵列和偏滤器室安装的电动探针系统,测量了偏滤器靶板上和偏滤器室的等离子体参数及其分布,并进行了相关分析和改善约束以及偏滤器脱靶等离子体运行模式下等离子体行为的研究。     

HL-2A装置超声分子束注入初步结果

HL-2A装置是我国第一个带偏滤器的托卡马克装置，于2002年投入运行。该装置的主要参数为：R=1．65m，n=0．4m，BT=2．8T，Ip=0．48MA，带有上、下对称的封闭式偏滤器。目前，HL-2A装置运行下单零偏滤器，为下一步改进偏滤器位形进行基础性研究。带有液氮冷阱的超声分子束注入系统首次安装并运行于2004年。初步实验结果是，多脉冲分子束注入用于封闭式偏滤器功能的演示和检验；多脉冲分子束注入HL-2A等离子体引起冷脉冲和密度扰动向中心传播。     

HL-2M 装置 NBI 加热系统规划及束线研究进展

为满足 HL-2M 装置高约束模式及高参数实验需求,HL-2M 装置规划 3 条中性束注入(NBI)加热束线, NBI 加热功率为 15MW。第 1 和第 2 条束线是基于正离子源的 NBI 加热束线,根据中后期高参数实验状态确定第 3 条束线采用正离子源或者负离子源。本文简要介绍了 HL-2M 装置的加热束线布局和系统设计概念,综述了基于 4 套 80kV/45A/5s 离子源的 5MW-NBI 中性束加热束线的设计参数及研制进展。在物理和工程可行性简要分析基 础上,给出了采用 2 套 200kV/12.5A/10s 热阴极负离子源的 2.5MW-NBI 束线的概念设计、工程设计及技术研究进 展。      

强场和弱场侧超声分子束注入对加料的影响

报道了HL-2A装置最新的实验结果,讨论并研究了超声分子束的注入位置对分子束在等离子体中的消融和穿透的影响,其中包括电离后的分子束粒子在磁场梯度作用和 E × B 漂移下的加速或减速及由此形成的冷通道效应.研究结果表明,磁场梯度和 E × B 漂移对于超声分子束的加料效果、消融和穿透有着重要的作用.强场侧注入可使电离后的电子和离子更深地进入等离子体芯部.这些研究对于更好地理解超声分子束与等离子体的相互作用和优化设计加料系统有一定作用.     

HL—1M装置的密度极限研究

描述了ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置欧姆加热状态下的密度极限,该密度极限是放电破裂前的最高密度值。通过比较氘、氢放电,硅化前后的放电,超声分子束注入、冰弹丸注入和脉冲送气放电,发现ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置的壁条件、加料方式以及氢同位素对ＨＬ－１Ｍ 装置的密度极限影响很大。产生密度极限破裂的原因主要是等离子体约束变差,总体辐射损失与欧姆加热功率平衡被破坏     

分子束注入期间的冷脉冲传播现象

分子束注入（MBI）是一种新的托卡马克加料方法，其已成功地在HL-1M装置上开发，并应用于HL-2A装置。分子束注入在改善等离子体约束性能方面具有很多优点，如形成密度峰化，提高能量约束时间等。在过去的分子束注入实验中，发现了一些很有物理意义的现象。但是到目前为止，分子束注入的机制还不是很清楚。     

HL-2A装置偏滤器位形超声分子束注入深度观测

用22道Hα辐射测量阵列观测了HL-2A装置偏滤器位形超声分子束的注入过程。观测结果表明：在HL-2A装置偏滤器位形下,当分子束注入气源压强大于1MPa时,Hα辐射沿径向分布存在两个峰值,其第二个Ha辐射峰值位于r/a~0.8附近,表明大部分氢粒子在等离子体边缘(SOL区域)即被离解或电离,但仍有部分氢粒子沉积在分界面内5cm。     

HL-2A装置3MW 68GHz ECRH系统调试与运行

HL-2A装置3MW ECRH系统采用双高压电源形式的电子回旋管,阴极高压电源为回旋管提供加速束电流,阳极高压电源对通过转换区后的束电流施加减速作用,利于回旋管收集极吸收。根据回旋管运行特点和各回旋管不同的工作特性,合理优化回旋管阴极、阳极高压电源工作电压和其他参数。通过远程监控系统,使同时工作的回旋管处于较好的工作状态,充分提高HL-2A装置ECRH系统多管运行的微波输出功率。实验中,6支回旋管同时运行时,微波最高输出功率2.5MW,达到设计额定值83%,使HL-2A装置中等离子体得到了有效的加热。     

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HL-2A装置3MW ECRH系统采用双高压电源形式的电子回旋管,阴极高压电源为回旋管提供加速束电流,阳极高压电源对通过转换区后的束电流施加减速作用,利于回旋管收集极吸收。根据回旋管运行特点和各回旋管不同的工作特性,合理优化回旋管阴极、阳极高压电源工作电压和其他参数。通过远程监控系统,使同时工作的回旋管处于较好的工作状态,充分提高 HL-2A 装置 ECRH 系统多管运行的微波输出功率。实验中,6支回旋管同时运行时,微波最高输出功率2.5MW,达到设计额定值83%,使HL-2A装置中等离子体得到了有效的加热。     

Favourable scenarios established by SMBI for the realization of the ELMy H-mode at HL-2A

The ELMy H-mode plasmas realized with the supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) are studied in relation to the energy confinement and the heating power for the L–H transition(P_(L-H) ) in the HL-2A tokamak. A database is assembled for this study based on the ELMy H-mode discharges during the experimental campaigns in the period 2009–2013at the HL-2A tokamak. The statistical results show that the SMBI is favourable for reaching the H-mode by reducing the heating power at the L–H transition and for the H-mode performance by improving the energy confinement compared with the ordinary gas puffing(GP). The reduction of P_(L-H) is about 20% when the density is low, and the energy confinement enhancement factor of H_(H98y2)= τ_E/τ_(th,98y2) ≈ 1.5 is achieved with the SMBI. Note that in the database the density dependence of P_(L-H) is non-monotonic with the ˉne,min≈ 3×10~(19) m~(-3) at which the P_(L-H) is minimum. Most of P_(L-H) data are on the low density branch where the P_(L-H) increases with the decrease in density. The minimum of the P_(L-H) in HL-2A is comparable to the ITPA multi-machine threshold power scaling P_(thr■scal08). The physics behind the reduction of the P_(L-H) with the SMBI is also investigated in relation to the change of the density gradient at the plasma edge, the gas fuelling efficiency, and the recycling.     

First evidence of the role of zonal flows for the L-H transition at marginal input power in the EAST tokamak

A quasiperiodic Er oscillation at a frequency of <4 kHz, much lower than the geodesic-acoustic-mode frequency, with a modulation in edge turbulence preceding and following the low-to-high (L-H) confinement mode transition, has been observed for the first time in the EAST tokamak, using two toroidally separated reciprocating probes. Just prior to the L-H transition, the Er oscillation often evolves into intermittent negative Er spikes. The low-frequency Er oscillation, as well as the Er spikes, is strongly correlated with the turbulence-driven Reynolds stress, thus providing first evidence of the role of the zonal flows in the L-H transition at marginal input power. These new findings not only shed light on the underlying physics mechanism for the L-H transition, but also have significant implications for ITER operations close to the L-H transition threshold power.     

Heat Flux on EAST Divertor Plate in H-mode with LHCD/LHCD+NBI

Based on the surface temperature measured by the infrared camera on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak(EAST), the heat fluxes on the lower outer divertor target plate during H-mode with the lower-hybrid wave current drive(LHCD) only and with the LHCD combined with the neutral beam injection(NBI) are calculated by the DFLUX code and compared. The analyzed discharges are lower single null divertor configuration discharges. In the case with the LHCD only(I_p~400 kA, P_(LHCD)~2 MW), ELM-free appears after L-H transition with the peak heat flux on the lower outer target plate less than 1 MW/m2. However, there is no ELMfree appearing after the L-H transition in the case with the LHCD+NBI(I_P~300 kA, P_(LHCD)+P_(NBI)~2 MW).The results show that the peak heat fluxes on the lower outer target plate in the LHCD+NBI H-mode cases are larger than those in the LHCD H-mode under the similar auxiliary heating power. This is because the heat flux profiles of the lower outer target plate as a function of plate location in ELMing with the LHCD+NBI are narrower than those with the LHCD only. The results are consistent with the results in terms of the scrape-off layer width observed in the EAST.     

Particle confinement and density profile behaviour on HL-1M

In this paper the density profile behaviour and the particle confinement operation regime on HL-1M have been studied under the pellet injection (PI), supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI), gas puffing (GP) and lower hybrid current drive experimental situations. The relationships between density profile, particle confinement time and edge safe factor have been explored. The density profile, which is measured by six-channel far-infrared ray laser interferometer has been analysed by using the peaking coefficient calculation code. Changes of the outward and inward diffusion velocities before and after the peaking of the central density profile have been calculated using the global particle balance equations. The particle confinement operation regimes have been discussed. The peaking density profile can be easily obtained under the condition of efficient fuelling. In ohmic discharges, confinement time increases as the peaking density profile factor rises, and is saturated at a critical value related to the fuelling efficiency. The particle confinement time of SMBI lies between the values of GP and PI, and its value is about 3-5 times of the energy confinement time.     

HL—1装置偏压电极类H模能量约束时间研究

能量约束时间是衡量环流器等离子体约束性能的重要参数。分析表明，在加偏压电Ｌ模过渡到类Ｈ模的过程中，如果等离子体的辐射损失功率与总损失功率之比显著变化，则扣除辐射损失的能量约束时间的增量是一种更好的衡量约束得到改善的尺度。在这种考虑之下，我们讨论ＨＬ－１等离子体偏压电极Ｌ模－类Ｈ模过的能量约束及电子热传导特性。     

Zonal flows and transient dynamics of the L-H transition

We elucidate the role of zonal flows in transient phenomena observed during L-H transition by studying a simple L-H transition model which contains the evolution of zonal flows, mean ExB flows, and the ion pressure gradient. Zonal flows are shown to trigger the L-H transition and cause time-transient behavior through the self-regulation of turbulence before a mean shearing, due to a steep pressure profile, secures a quiescent H mode. Surprisingly, this self-regulation lowers the power threshold for the ultimate transition to a quiescent H-mode state.     

HL-2A 装置超声分子束注入缓解偏滤器靶板上边缘局域模热通量研究

在HL-2A 装置上优化和发展了偏滤器靶板上的红外测温系统,并利用该系统分析了高约束模放电期间边缘局域模的热沉积分布特性。在高约束模式放电期间,超声分子束注入使边缘局域模所引起的偏滤器靶板上瞬间热通量峰值下降了~60%,并伴随着边缘局域模爆发频率增加了2~3 倍,而等离子体储能仅下降了~8%。分析结果表明,大幅度的丝状结构在超声分子束注入之后得到了有效抑制,沉积到偏滤器靶板上的瞬间热通量峰值也随之下降。此外,在超声分子束注入之后偏滤器室内的热辐射损失大幅度增加,从而耗散了热输运所携带的部分能量,进一步分散了沉积到偏滤器靶板上的能量,有效地保护了偏滤器靶板。     

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在HL-2A 装置上优化和发展了偏滤器靶板上的红外测温系统,并利用该系统分析了高约束模放电期间边缘局域模的热沉积分布特性。在高约束模式放电期间,超声分子束注入使边缘局域模所引起的偏滤器靶板上瞬间热通量峰值下降了~60%,并伴随着边缘局域模爆发频率增加了2~3 倍,而等离子体储能仅下降了~8%。分析结果表明,大幅度的丝状结构在超声分子束注入之后得到了有效抑制,沉积到偏滤器靶板上的瞬间热通量峰值也随之下降。此外,在超声分子束注入之后偏滤器室内的热辐射损失大幅度增加,从而耗散了热输运所携带的部分能量,进一步分散了沉积到偏滤器靶板上的能量,有效地保护了偏滤器靶板。     

Investigation of molecular penetration depth variation with SMBI fluxes

We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared.It is found that the penetration depth of molecules strongly depends on the radial convective transport of SMBI and it increases with the increase of the injection velocity.The penetration depth does not vary much once the SMBI injection density is larger than a critical value due to the dramatic increase of the dissociation rate on the fueling path.An effective way to improve the SMBI penetration depth has been predicted,which is SMBI with a large radial injection velocity and a lower molecule injection density than the critical density.     

HL-2A托卡马克超声分子束注入深度和加料效果研究

超声分子束注入深度与加料效率是分子束加料研究中的基本课题.在近期开展的超声分子束注入实验中，发现分子束注入深度与等离子体电子温度和密度、分子束源的气压和温度有直接关系，获得了分子束注入深度的定标律.在低温气体源(液氮冷却)的分子束注入实验中，发现分子束流中形成了团簇，其注入深度超过30 cm，分析了在低温气源分子束注入实验中的团簇现象. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 注入深度 加料效率 团簇