反相高效液相色谱法测定糠酸和糠醇

糠醛、糠酸、糠醇是重要的有机化工原料,糠醛(呋喃甲醛)化学性质活泼,经深加工可以制取糠醇(呋喃甲醇)、糠酸(呋喃甲酸)和呋喃等。以糠醛为原料制备糠酸时,在强碱性介质和催化剂存在下,糠醛经空气氧化、硫酸酸化可制得糠酸,但在反应中有大量副产品糠醇产生。因此反应液及产品中糠酸、糠醇和糠醛含量的准确测定,对于优化反应条件、监控生产过程、保障产品质量至关重要。本文采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)同时分离测定了糠酸、糠醇和糠醛,方法简便快速,灵敏度高,定量准确。     

糠醛氧化合成糠酸

糠酸作为糠醛的重要下游产品,在食品制造、材料制备、光学技术、药物合成中具有重要的应用,可用于合成防腐剂、增塑剂、热固性树脂、香料以及多种药物。目前,关于糠醛的制备以及催化氢化制备下游产物的综述报道相对较多,但是还没有系统地整理评述糠醛氧化合成糠酸的相关工作。本文综述了近年来以糠醛为主要原料制备糠酸的研究进展情况,讨论了不同催化体系及在不同氧源存在下对糠酸选择性的影响,重点突出了非均相催化剂在糠酸的工业化制备中的应用前景,对糠酸制备的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

用糠醛制糠酸及其衍生物

糠醛经过簡单处理即能咸为糠酸(2-呋喃甲酸)。由于糠酸及其衍生物用途众多,因此,在国际呋哺化学会議已确定糠酸为露要商品之一。 (一) 糠酸的制备它从糠醛制取方法有二。 (1) 以氫氧化鈉与糠醛进行康尼柴罗反应后得糠酸鈉和糠醇,将所生成的糠酸鈉进行酸化即生成糠酸。     

甲苯/水双相体系中以稻草为原料合成糠醛

FeCl³为催化剂,在甲苯/水双相溶剂体系中,以稻草为原料经水解反应制备糠醛,其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR确证。通过响应面分析获得的最佳反应条件为：催化剂质量分数23.09%,甲苯60 mL,溶剂比V（甲苯）: V（水）=1 : 1,料液比为67.5 g·L^-1,于177 ℃反应60 min,糠醛收率高达78.92%。     

糠酸一步催化法制备四氢糠酸甲酯

以糠酸、甲醇、氢气为原料,采用连续流动固定床微反应器,Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,使糠酸一步加氢甲酯化生成α-四氢糠酸甲酯.研究了反应的温度,压力,气、液体流速,进料流量等因素对催化反应的影响.结果表明:在1.5MPa,250℃,氢气空速3300 h-1,液体空速3.0 h-1(氢油比为50)时,糠酸转化率为96.6%,四氢糠酸甲酯的选择性97.2.0%,产率94.0%.催化剂稳定性较好,连续运转280小时后未见活性下降.该反应体系活性高,选择性好,反应压力低,催化剂性能稳定,操作简单,产物易分离.     

高效液相色谱法测定银杏外种皮中银杏酸的含量

建立了反相高效液相色谱法测定银杏外种皮中银杏酸含量的方法，色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-2，流动相为甲醇-3%Hac溶液（92:8，V/V），流速1.0mL/min；柱温40℃；紫外检测波长310nm；线性范围：0.572-10.30цg（相关系数R=0.9999）；检测限5.2ng(3a)。银杏外种皮提取物经一步硅胶柱层析预处理。实验测得银杏外种皮中银杏酸含量为5.46%；平均回收率为97.5%，RSD为1.9%(n=6)。该方法简便、准确、线性范围宽。     

RP-HPLC法分离和测定荆花胃康原料药和胶丸中的对-异丙基甲苯和α-萜品烯

建立了分离和测定荆花胃康原料药和胶丸中的主要成分对-异丙基甲苯（ρ-cymene）和α-萜品烯（α-Terpinene）的反相高效液相色谱梯度洗脱的方法.采用Spherisorb ODS1分析柱;甲醇-水梯度洗脱：0～15 min（V（甲醇）：V（水）=75：25）,15～22 min（V（甲醇）：V（水）=85：15）,22～28 min（V（甲醇）：V（水）=75：25）;紫外检测波长220 nm.对-异丙基甲苯在2.0～6.0 mg/mL,α-萜品烯在4.0～12.0 mg/mL范围内,峰面积与其质量浓度呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率对-异丙基甲苯为99.6%（RSD=1.3%）,α-萜品烯为98.2%（RSD=1.1%）.该方法灵敏度高,重现性好,结果稳定,可用于同时测定荆花胃康原料药及胶丸中的对-异丙基甲苯和α-萜品烯.     

反相离子对色谱法测定牛奶与奶粉中糠氨酸的含量

建立了反相离子对色谱法测定牛奶和奶粉中糠氨酸含量的分析方法。样品的盐酸水解液经氮气吹干,流动相溶解定容后直接测定。实验条件为:Luna C18色谱柱,柱温30℃,以2.5mmol/L 1-庚烷磺酸钠(磷酸调pH2.2)-乙醇(体积比为88∶12)为流动相,检测波长为280nm,流速为1mL/min。结果表明,糠氨酸的质量浓度在0.5～75.0mg/L范围内与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=49365x+10677(r=0.9999),检出限(S/N=3)为0.0065mg/L。牛奶和奶粉样品的RSD分别为0.3%和1.0%,平均加标回收率均为98%。该方法在样品预处理中省去了干过滤及C18柱预萃取过程,操作简便,成本低廉,适用于乳品中糠氨酸含量的测定。     

非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO高效催化糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯（英文）

设计开发绿色、可持续的生物质资源高效转化制化学品催化过程具有重要的科学与应用研究价值.生物质基平台分子糠醛在分子氧存在下与甲醇发生氧化酯化,提供了一条糠酸甲酯的"非石油基"合成新路线.该反应采用贵金属/非贵金属催化体系,目前通常需要引入K_2CO_3或CH_3ONa等碱性添加剂,以提高催化氧化酯化反应活性和选择性;但是存在活性组分流失、生成副产物及污染环境等问题,阻碍了其进一步应用.探索高性能非贵金属催化剂,实现无碱条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化,对于提高该生物质路线竞争力与推动工业化进程具有重要意义.本文利用浸渍法将1,10-邻菲罗啉合钴(Ⅱ)负载到碱性载体氧化镁上,在氮气气氛下800 ℃热解,制备了非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO催化剂.在糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯反应中,Co-N-C/MgO催化剂表现出优异的性能,在0.5 MPa O_2,100 ℃条件下反应12 h,糠醛转化率达到93.0%,糠酸甲酯选择性达到98.5%,远超过相同方法制备的其他载体(活性炭、NaX、NaY和CaO)负载的钴基催化剂,实现了无碱性添加剂条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯.X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜、元素分析以及对比实验结果表明,Co-N-C/MgO催化剂上可能存在含钴的氮掺杂碳物种;该催化剂在糠醛氧化酯化中的高性能与其脱氢能力密切相关.并且在0.3–1.0 MPa氧气压力范围内,Co-N-C/MgO催化糠醛氧化酯化过程基本不受压力变化影响.糠醛与甲醇的氧化酯化反应和缩合反应为两个竞争路径,反应路径决定了反应的主要产物.我们使用盐酸处理Co-N-C/MgO催化剂,脱除MgO载体,制备了Co-N-C(HCl)催化剂.当使用该催化剂时,糠醛与甲醇主要发生缩合反应,得到缩醛产物2-(二甲氧基甲基)呋喃.如果在Co-N-C(HCl)催化反应体系中引入MgO添加剂,则主要发生糠醛氧化酯化反应,主产物为糠酸甲酯.为了验证-Cl是否对反应产生影响,使用NaCl溶液对Co-N-C/MgO进行浸渍、清洗处理,或直接使用NaCl为添加剂-;在这两种情况下,糠醛转化率与糠酸甲酯选择性均下降,表明Cl对糠醛氧化酯化反应具有负面作用.根据实验结果,阴离子-(Cl)可能与℃(Ⅱ)中心发生配位,从而影响了金属活性中心的催化性能.Co-N-C(HCl)加入氧化镁,使得糠醛主要遵循氧化酯化路径进行转化,降低-Cl对Co-N-C(HCl)催化活性中心的影响.以上研究可为生物质基醛类化合物氧化酯化转化过程以及高性能非贵金属催化剂的设计开发提供有益参考.     

反相液液微萃取/高效液相色谱测定变压器油中糠酸的含量

以水为萃取剂,建立了变压器油中糠酸含量的反相液液微萃取/高效液相色谱测定方法。通过研究萃取剂的p H值、萃取剂体积、稀释剂用量、萃取时间及离心转速的影响,确定了最优的萃取条件。结果表明:在以中性水为萃取剂,萃取剂体积为150μL,稀释剂比例V油∶V正己烷为3∶1,涡旋萃取时间为5 min,离心转速为5 500 r/min的条件下,水萃取相直接用于高效液相色谱测定,变压器油中糠酸的浓度在0.05~5.00 mg·L-1范围内呈良好线性,相关系数(r)为0.999 9,方法的检出限为9.6μg·L-1,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.4%,糠酸的富集倍数为13.6倍。实际老化样品测定的加标回收率为99.7%~105.1%,并对样品中的糠酸进行了HPLC-MS定性分析。该方法简捷有效,为变压器油纸绝缘老化特征量的研究提供了数据支持。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.