反相高效液相色谱法测定糠酸和糠醇

糠醛、糠酸、糠醇是重要的有机化工原料,糠醛(呋喃甲醛)化学性质活泼,经深加工可以制取糠醇(呋喃甲醇)、糠酸(呋喃甲酸)和呋喃等。以糠醛为原料制备糠酸时,在强碱性介质和催化剂存在下,糠醛经空气氧化、硫酸酸化可制得糠酸,但在反应中有大量副产品糠醇产生。因此反应液及产品中糠酸、糠醇和糠醛含量的准确测定,对于优化反应条件、监控生产过程、保障产品质量至关重要。本文采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)同时分离测定了糠酸、糠醇和糠醛,方法简便快速,灵敏度高,定量准确。     

新型β-环糊精衍生物催化糠醛制糠酸

将我国农村产品的下脚料如花生壳、米糠、玉米芯、麦杆、高梁杆、棉子壳、甘蔗渣等用３～５％的稀硫酸处理使其中所含的五碳酸脱水，就可制得糠醛，而将糠醛氧化制备糠酸是综合利用糠醛资源的一个重要途径，糠酸是合成树脂、药物、杀虫剂等工业的重要原料，具有很现实的经...     

用糠醛制糠酸及其衍生物

糠醛经过簡单处理即能咸为糠酸(2-呋喃甲酸)。由于糠酸及其衍生物用途众多,因此,在国际呋哺化学会議已确定糠酸为露要商品之一。 (一) 糠酸的制备它从糠醛制取方法有二。 (1) 以氫氧化鈉与糠醛进行康尼柴罗反应后得糠酸鈉和糠醇,将所生成的糠酸鈉进行酸化即生成糠酸。     

重新挖掘和调查糠卤酸:最近的发展和在药物研发中的应用

详细论述了作者实验室对糠卤酸在有机合成和药物研发中的应用进行系统研究的亲身经历.结合糠卤酸多官能团和多反应位点的特点,对其多样性的合成用途进行了概括性的总结.论述了这两个活跃分子的合成原料在制备多种不饱和γ-内酯、不饱和γ-内酰胺、4,5-二卤哒嗪-3-酮以及其它新颖的、多官能团的分子和药物的过程.     

非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO高效催化糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯（英文）

设计开发绿色、可持续的生物质资源高效转化制化学品催化过程具有重要的科学与应用研究价值.生物质基平台分子糠醛在分子氧存在下与甲醇发生氧化酯化,提供了一条糠酸甲酯的"非石油基"合成新路线.该反应采用贵金属/非贵金属催化体系,目前通常需要引入K_2CO_3或CH_3ONa等碱性添加剂,以提高催化氧化酯化反应活性和选择性;但是存在活性组分流失、生成副产物及污染环境等问题,阻碍了其进一步应用.探索高性能非贵金属催化剂,实现无碱条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化,对于提高该生物质路线竞争力与推动工业化进程具有重要意义.本文利用浸渍法将1,10-邻菲罗啉合钴(Ⅱ)负载到碱性载体氧化镁上,在氮气气氛下800 ℃热解,制备了非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO催化剂.在糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯反应中,Co-N-C/MgO催化剂表现出优异的性能,在0.5 MPa O_2,100 ℃条件下反应12 h,糠醛转化率达到93.0%,糠酸甲酯选择性达到98.5%,远超过相同方法制备的其他载体(活性炭、NaX、NaY和CaO)负载的钴基催化剂,实现了无碱性添加剂条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯.X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜、元素分析以及对比实验结果表明,Co-N-C/MgO催化剂上可能存在含钴的氮掺杂碳物种;该催化剂在糠醛氧化酯化中的高性能与其脱氢能力密切相关.并且在0.3–1.0 MPa氧气压力范围内,Co-N-C/MgO催化糠醛氧化酯化过程基本不受压力变化影响.糠醛与甲醇的氧化酯化反应和缩合反应为两个竞争路径,反应路径决定了反应的主要产物.我们使用盐酸处理Co-N-C/MgO催化剂,脱除MgO载体,制备了Co-N-C(HCl)催化剂.当使用该催化剂时,糠醛与甲醇主要发生缩合反应,得到缩醛产物2-(二甲氧基甲基)呋喃.如果在Co-N-C(HCl)催化反应体系中引入MgO添加剂,则主要发生糠醛氧化酯化反应,主产物为糠酸甲酯.为了验证-Cl是否对反应产生影响,使用NaCl溶液对Co-N-C/MgO进行浸渍、清洗处理,或直接使用NaCl为添加剂-;在这两种情况下,糠醛转化率与糠酸甲酯选择性均下降,表明Cl对糠醛氧化酯化反应具有负面作用.根据实验结果,阴离子-(Cl)可能与℃(Ⅱ)中心发生配位,从而影响了金属活性中心的催化性能.Co-N-C(HCl)加入氧化镁,使得糠醛主要遵循氧化酯化路径进行转化,降低-Cl对Co-N-C(HCl)催化活性中心的影响.以上研究可为生物质基醛类化合物氧化酯化转化过程以及高性能非贵金属催化剂的设计开发提供有益参考.     

以糠醛为原料的成对电合成

研究了Ti/Ru-Ti-Sn,Ni,Ti/PbO_2,Pt和Ti/BDD(钛基掺硼金刚石电极)5种电极的析氧情况及对糠醛电化学氧化成糠酸的催化作用,得出氧化的最佳电极为Ni.以糠醛为原料,Ni电极为阳极,Cu电极为阴极,成对电合成糠醇和糠酸,研究了溶液p H值、电流密度、糠醛浓度、温度及电解时间对反应的影响.结果表明,溶液pH=11,阴极电流密度为2 mA/cm~2,阳极电流密度为1 mA/cm~2,糠醛浓度为0.1 mol/L,温度为25℃时,经过优化,总的电流效率最佳为130%.     

Ni-P-mCMC/mCS双极膜技术在成对电解制备糠醇、糠酸中的应用

以磷酸化试剂改性羧甲基纤维素钠(mCMC)制备了阳膜层,以戊二醛改性壳聚糖(mCS)制备了阴膜层溶胶,将阴膜层溶胶流延于阳膜层上,制备了P-mCMC/mCS双极膜,而后以化学镀方法在阳膜层表面镀镍,制备了Ni-P-mCMC/mCS双极膜,并应用于成对电合成糠醇(阴极室中)、糠酸(阳极室中)。在电场的作用下,双极膜中水电离后生成的H+透过mCMC阳离子膜进入阴极室,促进糠醛电还原生成糠醇过程的进行;OH-透过mCS阴离子膜进入阳极室,与糠醛电氧化生成糠酸过程中产生的H+结合生成H2O,以增大正向反应的速度。在电流密度为2.5×10-2A/cm2,30℃下电解,阴阳两极室的电解效率分别为83.0%和77.4%,电解槽电压稳定在3.0V左右。     

糠醛及其衍生物选择性加氢制备戊二醇的研究进展

1,2-戊二醇(1,2-PeD)和1,5-戊二醇(1,5-PeD)是高附加值精细化学品,用途广泛。以糠醛及其衍生物为原料经催化加氢制备1,2-PeD和1,5-PeD是绿色的生产工艺,具有良好的应用前景和研究价值。本文系统综述了国内外以糠醛及其衍生物糠醇、四氢糠醇为原料制备1,2-PeD和1,5-PeD的研究现状,重点总结了应用于糠醛、糠醇和四氢糠醇催化加氢制备1,2-PeD和1,5-PeD的催化剂,从催化剂类型、不同催化体系辅助酸/碱催化反应机理、活性金属与掺杂过渡金属氧化物间的协同催化、掺杂过渡金属氧化物的酸性以及不同催化体系中催化剂的构效关系等方面进行了详细阐述,并在此基础上对该研究方向的发展趋势进行了展望。为开发新型、高效、稳定催化糠醛及其衍生物加氢催化剂体系提供了理论指导和有益的借鉴。     

Raney Ni催化生物基糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺

生物质衍生物糠醛还原胺化是合成糠胺的一种有效方法。本文以糠醛为原料、氨水为氨源,使用商业Raney Ni催化糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺,考察了氢压、温度、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)、溶剂、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明：在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中,0.03 g Raney Ni、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)=1/2、130 ℃、2.0 MPa H₂条件下反应3 h,糠醛转化率100%,糠胺选择性96.3%。与传统方法相比,该工艺实现了非贵金属催化剂作用下高选择性反应,具有操作简单、低成本、收率高等优点。      

模拟酶微型反应器中糠醛催化氧化为糠酸

在水与有机试剂组成的非均相体系中，用β－环糊精（β-cyclodextrin,缩写：β－CD）衍生物模拟生物酶，以强力搅拌下分散在有机溶剂中的小水珠作为微型反应器进行糠醛催化氧化为糠酸的反应，停止搅拌后体系立即分层，产物在有机相，残留的原料和模拟酶在水相。本合成方法简单，溶剂和模拟酶能回收，不产生污染，催化效率较均相高，为绿色合成化学制备医药、化工产品提供了一种新合成体系。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.