添加稀土元素对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33储氢合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响

研究了添加5种稀土元素对Ti0．26Zr0．07V0．24Mn0．1Ni0．33合金的微观结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti0．26Zr0．07V0．24Mn0．1Ni0．33和Ti0．26Zr0．07V0．24Mn0．1Ni0．33RE0.01（RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Gd）合金均由体心立方结构的BCC主相和少量六方结构的C14型Laves相组成;在合金中加入稀土元素,会使合金中两相的晶胞体积同时增大。添加5种稀土元素都可以改善合金电极的活化性能,而对合金电极其他性能的影响则各有不同,其中添加铈和镨可以提高合金电极的最大放电容量,而添加钕和钆能改善合金电极的循环稳定性。工作温度对合金电极的放电容量影响较大,过高的温度使其循环容量衰减加剧;而含稀土元素的合金电极在333K温度下放电容量达到最大值。稀土对合金电极的荷电保持率产生一定影响;镧、铈、镨的添加能够改善合金电极的倍率放电性能。     

Mg基非晶合金及La-Mg-Ni基复合物储氢电极的结构与电化学性能

Mg50Ni50非晶合金具有较高的初始放电容量(500mAh/g),有希望成为Ni-MH二次电池的负极合金材料.但较差的循环稳定性限制了它的进一步开发和应用.为此,本研究采用机械合金化方法,基于Mg侧进行元素替代,获得了四元Mg0.9-xTi0.1PdxNi(x=0.04-0.1)储氢合金.XRD和TEM分别从宏观和微观角度证实该系列合金仍为非晶态合金.本研究还发现,随着Pd含量的增加,腐蚀电流降低;合金的抗腐蚀能力提高.当Pd含量达到0.1的时候,Mg0.8Ti0.1Pd0.1Ni合金的耐蚀能力达到最大,其容量保持率也达到最高,经80次循环后放电容量仍然保持在200mAh/g以上.AB3型La-Mg-Ni储氢合金与Mg基合金类似之处在于:具有较高的初始放电容量但循环容量保持率较低.为此,本研究将AB3型La0.7Mg0.3Ni3.5合金与具有较高循环稳定性的AB2型Ti0.17Zr0.08V0.35Cr0.1Ni0.3合金相复合,获得新型AB3-AB2复相合金.XRD研究表明复合物中La0.7Mg0.3Ni3.5和Ti0.17Zr0.08V0.35Cr0.1Ni0.3仍旧保持原有结构.扫描电镜(SEM)研究发现,复合物颗粒的平均尺寸在50 μm左右.由于Ti0.17Zr0.08V0.35Cr0.1Ni0.3相的防护,复合物的耐腐蚀能力及100次循环容量保持率(62.3%)得以显著提高.     

稀土元素取代对Ti_(0.26)Zr_(0.07)V_(0.24)Mn_(0.1)Ni_(0.33)贮氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

研究了5种稀土元素部分取代V对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0..24Mn0.1Ni0.33合金的微观结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33和Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24-xMn0.1Ni0.33REx(x=0.005;RE=La,Ce,Nd,Ho,Y)均由体心立方结构的钒基固溶体相和六方结构的C14 Laves相组成。在合金中加入稀土元素,会使合金中两相的晶胞体积同时增大。稀土元素部分取代V均改善了合金电极的活化性能。La和Nd元素取代后,合金电极的最大放电容量明显增加,而Ce的取代提高了合金电极的循环稳定性。Ce,Nd,Ho,Y均改善了合金电极的倍率放电性能。合金电极在高温状态下表现出了良好的放电性能,其中Nd在333 K时放电容量可达550.4 mAh·g-1。稀土元素对荷电保持率的影响各异。     

稀土元素对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33贮氢合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响

本文研究了稀土元素对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33合金的微观结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24-xMn0.10Ni0.33REx(RE=Ce,Nd,Gd;x=0.01)合金均有V基固溶体相和C14型Laves相两相组成。合金中两相的晶格参数随加入稀土元素的不同而发生变化。稀土元素部分取代可改善合金电极的活化性能。然而,对合金电极的其他性能影响因元素种类不同而各异。Ce取代增大了合金电极的最大放电容量,Nd元素可以有效改善合金的高倍率放电性能。工作温度对合金电极的放电容量影响较大,Nd和Gd在333 K最大放电容量可达426和465 mAh.g-1。过高的温度使其循环容量衰减加剧。     

硼的添加对Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33贮氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33Bx(x=0~0.10)系列合金均有V基固溶体相和C14型Laves相两相组成。添加B可提高Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33合金的放电容量,Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33B0.1合金电极在60 mA·g-1电流放电时的放电容量达到476.7 mAh·g-1。B的添加不同程度地降低了合金的高倍率放电性能,使合金电极表面上电化学反应的电荷转移电阻(R ct)显著增加,交换电流密度(I0)显著降低。添加B可显著改善Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33合金电极的高温放电性能,Ti0.26Zr0.07V0.24Mn0.1Ni0.33B0.025合金电极在343 K高温下其放电容量达到525.6 mAh·g-1。     

添加元素对AB2型Laves相合金电化学性能的影响

比较系统地研究了AB2型Laves相合金Zr0.9Ti0.1Ni0.1Mn0.7V0.3M0．1(M=None，Ni．Mn．V．Co．Cr．Al．Fe，Mo．Si．C．Zn，Cu和B)的相结构和电化学性能以及高温和低温放电性能等．结果表明．14种合金均具有六方C14型Laves相的主相晶体结构．同时，含有少量立方Cl5型Laves相和一些由Zr9Ni11及ZrNi组成的非Laves相；添加V和Mn可提高AB2合金的放电容量；添加B和Mn则显著提高了AB2合金的高倍率放电性能和低温放电容量；添加Al，C．Si和Co对合金电极的循环稳定性改善明显；而Mn．Ni．V．Fe．Cu．Mo和B等却不同程度地降低了循环稳定性；添加Si．Mo，V，Cr和Al可明显改善合金电极的自放电性能；添加Si．Cr．V可显著改善AB2合金电极的高温放电性能．讨论了各种添加元素影响合金性能的可能原因．     

Ni添加对Ti0.4Zr0.1V1.1Mn0.5Cr0.1合金的相结构和电化学性能的影响

本文通过XRD、SEM、EDS研究了Ti0.4Zr0.1V1.1Mn0.5Cr0.1Nix(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)合金的相结构和电化学性能.该合金系由BCC结构的V基固溶体主相和六方结构的C14 Laves第二相组成,Ni能够促进第二相的生成,Ni含量的增加导致了各相中的化学组成和晶格参数的变化,并通过电化学方法研究了Ni含量对Ti0.4Zr0.1V1.1Mn0.5Cr0.1合金电极的最大放电容量、自放电性能、高倍率放电性能、循环稳定性能等的影响.     

Cr对V2.1TiNi0.3贮氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

研究了Cr添加量对V_(2.1)Ti Ni_(0.3)Crx(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6)贮氢合金的结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,所有合金均由V基固溶体主相和Ti Ni基第二相组成,且第二相呈网状分布在晶界上,部分呈颗粒状分布于合金主相之中。随着Cr含量增大,合金主相的晶胞体积与合金电极的最大放电容量逐渐减小,而循环稳定性逐渐增加,同时合金电极的动力学性能得到改善。在合金中添加Cr使合金电极的活化性能变差,但添加量的进一步增多对其活化性能影响不大。综合考虑,V_(2.1)Ti Ni_(0.3)Cr_(0.4)合金的电化学性能最好,最大放电容量可达442.20 m Ah·g~(-1),20次充放电循环后容量保持率达81.91%。     

Mg基非晶合金及La-Mg-Ni基复合物储氢电极的结构与电化学性能

Mg50Ni50非晶合金具有较高的初始放电容量（500mAh／g），有希望成为Ni-MH二次电池的负极合金材料。但较差的循环稳定性限制了它的进一步开发和应用。为此，本研究采用机械合金化方法，基于Mg侧进行元素替代，获得了四元Mg0.9-xTi0.1PdxNi（X=0．04-0．1）储氢合金。XRD和TEM分别从宏观和微观角度证实该系列合金仍为非晶态合金。本研究还发现，随着Pd含量的增加，腐蚀电流降低；合金的抗腐蚀能力提高。当Pd含量达到0．1的时候，Mg0.8Ti0．1Pd0．1Ni合金的耐蚀能力达到最大，其容量保持率也达到最高，经80次循环后放电容量仍然保持在200mAh／g以上。 AB3型La-Mg-Ni储氢合金与Mg基合金类似之处在于：具有较高的初始放电容量但循环容量保持率较低。为此，本研究将AB3型La0.7Mg0.3Ni3.5合金与具有较高循环稳定性的AB2型Ti0.17Zr0．08V0.35Cr0．1Ni0．3合金相复合，获得新型AB3-AB2复相合金。XRD研究表明复合物中La0．7Mg0．3Ni3．5和Ti0.17Zr0.08V0．35Cr0．1Ni0．3仍旧保持原有结构。扫描电镜（SEM）研究发现，复合物颗粒的平均尺寸在50μm左右。由于Ti0．17Zr0．08V0.35Cr0．1Ni0．3相的防护，复合物的耐腐蚀能力及100次循环容量保持率（62．3％）得以显著提高。     

Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30+5wt% LaNi5复合储氢合金的电化学性能与协同效应

为了改善钛钒基固溶体合金的电化学性能,利用两步电弧熔炼法制备复合储氢合金Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30+5wt%LaNi5,X-射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜-能谱(FESEM-EDS)显示:复合储氢合金的主相是体心立方结构的钒基固溶体相和六方结构的C14 Laves相,复合过程中生成了第二相。电化学测试结果表明:复合合金电极的P-C-T特征、活化性能、最大放电容量、循环稳定性、低温放电性能和动力学特性均较母体合金有显著改善。复合合金电极的活化周期数为5,最大放电容量为353.9 mAh.g-1,233 K时低温放电能力为50.26%。该复合合金电极的最大储氢容量、平台压、电荷转移电阻和交换电流密度均存在协同效应;在任意循环、在高/低温下以及在高倍率放电过程中,该复合合金电极的放电容量均存在协同效应。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.