Cascade particles,nuclear evaporation,and residual nuclei in high energy hadron-nucleus interactions

Based on a Monte Carlo realization of the Dual Parton Model we study the production of target associated particles and of nuclear fragments in high energy hadronnucleus interactions. A formation zone intranuclear cascade of low energy secondaries inside the target nucleus is discussed. We calculate excitation energies of residual nuclei left after the intranuclear cascade process and treat their fürther disintegration by introducing models for the evaporation of protons, neutrons, and light fragments, high energy fission, and by applying a Fermi Break-up model to light nuclear fragments. The results are compared to data on target associated particle production. We fürthermore calculate cross sections for the production of nuclear fragments.     

Rapidity dependence of multiplicity distributions in proton-nucleus collisions at 360 GeV/c

Multiplicity distributions in various rapidity intervals for charged particles produced in collisions of 360 GeV/c protons with aluminium (Al) and gold (Au) targets are presented. The data were analysed separately for the forward and backward hemispheres. Each distribution is well described by a negative binomial distribution. The experimental distributions are compared with the predictions of the multichain model calculated by the Monte Carlo program MCMHA in which the intranuclear cascade process is included, and also with the Lund Monte Carlo FRITIOF. The results of MCMHA reproduce quite well the multiplicity distributions for various rapidity intervals.     

Monte Carlo event generator MCMHA for high energy hadron-nucleus collisions and intranuclear cascade interactions

The Monte Carlo event generator for high energy hadron-nucleus (h-A) collisions has been developed, which is based on the multi-chain model. The concept of formation zone and the cascade interactions of secondary particles are properly taken account into this Monte Carlo code. Comparing the results of this code with experimental data, the importance of intranuclear cascade interactions becomes very clear.     

CCD质子辐照损伤效应的三维蒙特卡罗模拟

针对空间质子诱发CCD性能退化问题,开展了CCD质子辐照效应的三维蒙特卡罗模拟研究。采用三维蒙特卡罗软件Geant4模拟计算了不同能量质子在Si和SiO₂中的射程及Bragg峰,分析了不同能量质子在材料中能量沉积的过程,并将模拟结果与相关数据进行对比,模拟误差在5%以内。根据质子与材料相互作用的物理过程,选取了合适的Lindhard分离函数,添加合适的物理过程,模拟计算了不同能量质子在SiO₂中的电离能量损失和Si中的非电离能量损失,并将结果与国外相关数据进行对比。根据CCD的生产工艺参数,建立了单个像元的三维模拟模型,确定了质子辐照损伤的灵敏体积,模拟计算了不同能量质子在像元灵敏体积内的电离能量沉积与非电离能量沉积,分析了CCD不同能量质子的辐照损伤差异产生的机理。结合粒子输运计算结果与CCD质子辐照实验结果,分析了质子辐照诱发CCD辐射敏感参数退化的物理机制。     

高能质子在散裂靶中的能量沉积计算与实验验证

高能质子在散裂靶中的能量沉积是散裂靶中子学研究的重要内容之一,准确掌握高能质子在散裂靶中引起的能量沉积分布与瞬态变化是开展散裂靶热工流体设计的重要前提.本文采用MCNPX,PHITS与FLUKA三种蒙特卡罗模拟程序,计算并比较了高能质子入射重金属铅靶、钨靶的能量沉积分布及不同粒子对总能量沉积的占比贡献;针对高能质子入射金属钨靶的能量沉积实验数据空白,采用热释光探测器阵列测量了250 MeV质子束入射厚钨靶的能量沉积分布,实验结果表明蒙特卡罗模拟程序在散裂靶中能量沉积的计算结果具有较高的可靠性.     

激光加速质子束对电磁孤立子的照相模拟研究

激光在次稠密等离子中传输, 由于频率下移而被俘获, 从而产生电磁孤立子. 根据先前理论及PIC 模拟给出的孤立子的演化过程, 对不同阶段孤立子的电磁场分布进行了建模. 使用Geant4蒙特卡罗程序, 模拟研究了激光加速产生的能量为几个MeV的质子束对后孤立子的照相. 分析了质子能量, 质子源尺寸等因素对照相结果的影响, 并利用了TNSA加速产生质子束的分幅特性, 开展了时间分辨的孤立子照相模拟研究. 模拟给出的质子照相结果验证了文献中给出的孤立子静电场模型, 为以后在实验上探测孤立子提供了理论依据. 关键词： 超短激光 质子照相 孤立子 蒙特卡罗方法     

质子和中子在硅中位移损伤等效性计算

基于蒙特卡罗软件Geant4,探讨质子与硅的库仑散射和核反应及中子与硅的核反应产生反冲原子沉积非电离能量的过程,建立质子和中子在硅中的非电离能量阻止本领计算方法。在此方法中,描述了原子间库仑散射的物理过程,模拟带电粒子与晶格原子之间的屏蔽库仑散射。计算得到不同能量质子和中子在硅中因库仑散射和核反应产生反冲原子的非电离能量沉积及阻止本领的等效性,计算结果与中子ASTM标准及文献计算得到的质子数据符合很好。     

Broad energy spectrum of laser-accelerated protons for spallation-related physics

A beam of MeV protons, accelerated by ultraintense laser-pulse interactions with a thin target foil, is used to investigate nuclear reactions of interest for spallation physics. The laser-generated proton beam is shown (protons were measured) to have a broad energy distribution, which closely resembles the expected energy spectrum of evaporative protons (below 50 MeV) produced in GeV-proton-induced spallation reactions. The protons are used to quantify the distribution of residual radioisotopes produced in a representative spallation target (Pb), and the results are compared with calculated predictions based on spectra modeled with nuclear Monte Carlo codes. Laser-plasma particle accelerators are shown to provide data relevant to the design and development of accelerator driven systems.     

Stopping kinetics of fast protons in oriented crystal targets

A method is proposed for theoretically studying the energy distributions of fast protons traversing oriented crystal targets. The method combines the use of kinetic equations for the distribution of channeled and dechanneled particles with a Monte Carlo computer simulation of their propagation. Specific calculations were performed for 1-MeV protons traversing a silicon target along the 〈100〉 axis.     

A cascade-evaporation model for photonuclear reactions

Detailed and systematic Monte Carlo calculations have been performed for different characteristics of inelastic photonuclear reactions for an energy range of T_γ ≈ 50 MeV–1 GeV in the framework of the intranuclear cascade model taking into account the competition between particle evaporation and fission of excited residual nuclei. The calculated results agree well with experimental data. On the basis of the data listed it is possible to extrapolate the corresponding characteristics for intermediate energies and nuclei.     

Nuclear effects in the diffraction scattering of protons by nuclei at high energies

Processes of the diffraction scattering of protons on nuclei in the context of developing the HARDPING (Hard Probe Interaction Generator) Monte Carlo event generator are considered with allowance for nuclear effects in the initial and final states. Effects such as the length of formation, energy losses, and the multiple rescattering of incident and produced hadrons are studied.     

Transverse mass distributions of protons produced in heavy-ion collisions at high energies

The transverse mass distributions of protons produced in Au-Au collisions at 8 A GeV and Pb-Pb collisions at 158 A GeV are calculated by using the Monte Carlo method in the framework of the multisource ideal gas model.It is found that our calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data in nucleus nucleus collisions at high energies.     

CMOS器件60Co γ射线、电子和质子电离辐射损伤比较

利用TRIM95蒙特卡罗软件计算了质子在二氧化硅中的质量阻止本领和能量沉积，比较了质子在二氧化硅中的电离阻止本领与核阻止本领，分析了质子在材料的表面吸收剂量与灵敏区实际吸收剂量的关系.利用⁶⁰Co γ射线、1MeV电子和2—9 MeV质子对CC4007RH和CC4011器件进行辐照实验，比较⁶⁰Co γ射线和带电粒子的电离辐射损伤情况.实验结果表明，⁶⁰Co γ射线、1MeV 电子和2—7MeV质子辐照损伤效应中，在0V栅压下可以相互等效； 关键词： γ射线 电子 质子 辐射损伤     

Development of a laser-driven proton accelerator for cancer therapy

Recent advances in laser technology have made proton (light ion) acceleration possible using laser-induced plasmas. In this work, we report our work for the last few years on the investigation of a new proton therapy system for radiation oncology, which employs laser-accelerated protons. If successfully developed, the new system will be compact, cost-effective, and capable of delivering energy-and intensity-modulated proton therapy (EIMPT). We have focused our research on three major aspects: (1) target design for laser-proton acceleration, (2) system design for particle/energy selection and beam collimation, and (3) dosimetric studies on the use of laser-accelerated protons for cancer therapy. We have performed particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to investigate optimal target configurations for proton/ion acceleration. We also performed Monte Carlo simulations to study the beam characteristics and the feasibility of using such beams for cancer treatment. Since laser-accelerated protons have broad energy and angular distributions, which are not suitable for radiotherapy applications directly, we have designed a compact particle selection and beam collimating system for EIMPT beam delivery. We also proposed a new gantry design to make the whole system compact to retrofit existing linac vaults. We have compared Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions using X-ray IMRT and laser-proton EIMPT. Our results show that EIMPT using laser protons produces superior target coverage and much reduced critical structure dose and integral dose compared to X-ray IMRT.     

羊八井ARGO实验中原初γ和质子的区分

利用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟数据研究由γ和质子引起的空气簇射中的粒子在羊八井ＡＲＧＯ实验中的空间分布和时间分布的不同,提出了利用人工神经网络区分原初γ和质子的方法,结果表明在１００ＧｅＶ～１０ＴｅＶ能区可以较好地区分γ和质子。     

A benchmark comparison of Monte Carlo particle transport algorithms for binary stochastic mixtures

We numerically investigate the accuracy of two Monte Carlo algorithms originally proposed by Zimmerman [1] and Zimmerman and Adams [2] for particle transport through binary stochastic mixtures. We assess the accuracy of these algorithms using a standard suite of planar geometry incident angular flux benchmark problems and a new suite of interior source benchmark problems. In addition to comparisons of the ensemble-averaged leakage values, we compare the ensemble-averaged material scalar flux distributions. Both Monte Carlo transport algorithms robustly produce physically realistic scalar flux distributions for the benchmark transport problems examined. The base Monte Carlo algorithm reproduces the standard Levermore-Pomraning model [3] and [4] results. The improved Monte Carlo algorithm generally produces significantly more accurate leakage values and also significantly more accurate material scalar flux distributions. We also present deterministic atomic mix solutions of the benchmark problems for comparison with the benchmark and the Monte Carlo solutions. Both Monte Carlo algorithms are generally significantly more accurate than the atomic mix approximation for the benchmark suites examined.     

Proton momentum spectra in high-energy reactions of 9Be and 12C with quasimonochromatic photons

Momentum spectra of protons emitted at three lab angles 23°, 55° and 130° in high-energy photoreactions of ⁹Be and ¹²C are studied by using tagged photons in the energy range between 360 and 600 MeV. At 23° and 55°, we observe a structure which may be ascribed to protons from quasifree production of a single pion and those from quasideuteron photodisintegration, while at 130°, the spectra are predominantly due to protons resulting from intranuclear multiple scattering. The results of an intranuclear cascade calculation are compared with the data.     

GEANT4SPE质子屏蔽和半导体材料辐射效应模拟

利用蒙特卡罗软件GEANT4模拟太阳宇宙射线中能量为1 MeV~10 GeV质子对航天飞行器的影响,透射质子对半导体材料的损伤效应,计算外壳铝层对质子能谱的屏蔽效应.模拟结果表明,质子在介质中的线性能量转移、射程等和参考数据吻合较好;沿质子轨迹纵向能量沉积出现Bragg峰,且非弹性作用是影响能量沉积Bragg曲线的重要因素;对于半导体Si材料,反冲原子主要分布在质子轨迹线周围,并沿轨迹线横向‘扩散’,浓度降低;Al层屏蔽使入射质子能谱硬化,当Al层厚度超过10 mm时,厚度增加对屏蔽效果的改善不明显,反而次级粒子辐射增强效应变大.     

质子和1MeV中子在硅中能量沉积的模拟计算

在现有中子截面数据和粒子与物质相互作用的理论基础上,编写了计算中子非电离能量损失(NIEL)和电离能量损失(IEL)程序,利用该程序和引进的TRIM95程序计算了1MeV中子和质子在硅中IEL和NIEL的大小和分布等,并对计算结果进行了分析和比较.