超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术同时检测大鼠血浆中蒿甲醚及其主要代谢产物双氢青蒿素

为了研究蒿甲醚在大鼠体内的药代动力学行为,应用液液萃取-超高效液相色谱-单四极杆-静电场轨道阱串联质谱技术,建立了高灵敏度的大鼠血浆中蒿甲醚及其主要代谢产物双氢青蒿素的分析方法.以青蒿素为内标(Internal standard,I.S.),在正离子Targeted-MS2检测模式下对蒿甲醚和双氢青蒿素进行定性和定量分析.检测离子对分别为m/z 316.2115/163.1117(蒿甲醚)、m/z 302.1958/163.1117(双氢青蒿素)和m/z300.1803/209.1536(I.S.);蒿甲醚和双氢青蒿素在2～200 μg/L范围内线性关系良好(R2＞0.9990);检出限为0.8 μg/L;定量限为2.0μg/L;加标回收率分别为93.7％～103.7％和97.4％～ 104.7％;相对标准偏差均小于9％.本方法快速灵敏,重现性好,可用于蒿甲醚体内药代动力学研究.     

二十二碳六烯酸双氢青蒿素酯的合成及其抗肿瘤活性的初步研究

青蒿素是从菊花科植物黄花蒿中分离得到的一种高效抗疟活性成分,其衍生物双氢青蒿素、蒿甲醚及青蒿琥酯等亦被广泛用于各类疟疾的治疗.     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定人血浆中双氢青蒿素的含量

建立了测定人血浆中的双氢青蒿素的液相色谱 -质谱联用法。色谱条件 :AlltimaC18 柱 (2.1×150mm ,5μm ,流动相 :甲醇 -水 (体积比85∶15) ;流速 :0.2mL/min ;柱温 :25℃ ;进样量 :20μL。质谱条件 :电喷雾离子源 (ESI) ;用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z307(双氢青蒿素) ,m/z275(蒿甲醚 )。样品用液 -液萃取方法处理。双氢青蒿素的线性范围为5～200μg·L -1,定量下限为5μg·L -1,日内、日间精密度 (RSD)均小于10 % ,萃取回收率在71.5 %～83.2 %之间 (n=5) ,分析方法回收率在98.4 %～101.9 %之间 (n=5)。本法操作简便、准确、灵敏度高 ,适用于双氢青蒿素的药代动力学研究     

液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱鉴定一种新精神活性物质5F-MDMB-PICA在斑马鱼体内的代谢产物

通过建立斑马鱼模型研究5F-MDMB-PICA(3,3-二甲基-2-［1-(5-氟戊基)吲哚-3-甲酰氨基］丁酸甲酯)的体内代谢转化途径,利用液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱质谱(LC-Q-Orbitrap MS)技术,结合Mass Frontier软件对5F-MDMB-PICA及其代谢产物进行质谱解析和结构分析。结果表明,在斑马鱼体内共检测到5F-MDMB-PICA的22个代谢产物,包括15个I相代谢产物以及7个Ⅱ相代谢产物。5F-MDMB-PICA在斑马鱼体内的Ⅰ相代谢途径主要包括酯水解、脱烷基化、氧化脱氟、羧基化和羟基化,葡萄糖醛酸及硫酸结合反应是主要的Ⅱ相代谢转化途径。该研究初步阐明了5F-MDMB-PICA在斑马鱼体内的代谢途径及主要代谢产物,其中酯水解代谢产物(A19)被推荐为5F-MDMB-PICA滥用生物标志物,6个Ⅱ相代谢产物(A1、A3、A5、A7、A6、A14)为首次报道。     

人参皂苷Rb2在大鼠体内的药代动力学行为及代谢产物研究

建立快速高分离度液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用方法(RRLC-Q-TOF-MS),分析人参皂苷Rb2在大鼠体内的药代动力学行为,并探索人参皂苷Rb2在大鼠体内的代谢过程.采用Agilent SB-C18色谱柱,流动相A为0.1％甲酸溶液,B为乙腈,流速为0.2 mL/min,进样量为5μL,二元线性梯度洗脱分离,采用电喷雾负离子模式进行质谱检测.方法的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为0.08 μg/mL和0.1 μg/mL,线性范围为0.10～ 1.26 μg/mL.结果表明,人参皂苷Rb2静脉注射后的体内代谢过程符合二室模型特征,血药浓度半衰期的α相(t1/2α)和β相(t1/2β)分别为(23.58±1.10)和(1306.55±147.23) min.通过对静脉注射人参皂苷Rb2的大鼠尿液和口服后的粪便样本进行分析,发现Rb2的代谢产物为M6,M2(C-Y),F2,C-K.     

蒿甲醚在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的电催化还原

研制了单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)修饰玻碳电极。用交流阻抗谱法(EIS)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了电极膜性能,应用循环伏安法(CV)、计时库仑法(CC)、计时电流法(CA)研究了蒿甲醚在修饰电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,SWCNTs修饰电极对蒿甲醚的还原有良好的电催化活性,其还原反应为双电子过程,电极反应的扩散系数及速率常数分别为6·67×10-4cm2·s-1及8·54×10-2mol·L-1·s-1。在优化实验条件下,还原峰的峰电位位于-0·85V,其峰电流与蒿甲醚浓度在6·71×10-7~2·45×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈良好线性,检出限达4·02×10-7mol·L-1,相对标准偏差(n=10)为4·2%,可用于蒿甲醚样品的含量测定。     

蒿甲醚缓释片体外释放研究

目的:建立蒿甲醚缓释片体外释放的含量测定方法,并对其进行体外释放考察。方法:以释放介质作为酸消解溶剂,用酸消解间接紫外分光光度法测定片剂在释放过程中的累计百分释放度;浆法考察片剂的体外释放。结果:优选了最佳酸消解条件,并确定了片剂体外释放含量测定方法:蒿甲醚缓释片2h,5h,10h的体外累计百分释放度分别为25%,60%,85%;在诸多因素中离子强度是影响缓释片释放较灵敏的因素。结论:方法准确、快速、可行,适于体外释放实验样品量大的要求;体外实验表明蒿甲醚缓释片具有比普通片明显的缓释效果。     

白蒿挥发油成分的测定及其抗氧化活性分析

采用乙醇浸提法提取生长期和花果期白蒿的挥发油,通过正交实验确定最佳提取条件为:提取3次、浸提90 min、对于生长期和花果期白蒿液料比分别为10 mL:1 g和8 mL:1 g.通过红外光谱和液相色谱-质谱联用分析了产物的主要成分,生长期白蒿挥发油的主要成分为桉树脑、樟脑、右旋龙脑、石竹烯、Cadina-1,4-diene、白菖烯、棕榈酸乙酯等;花果期白蒿挥发油的主要成分为樟脑、石竹烯、龙脑、甲酸橙花酯等.通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除实验对产物的自由基清除活性进行了测定,生长期和花果期白蒿挥发油对0.05 mmol/L DPPH溶液的IC50值分别为0.40和1.66 mg/mL.研究结果表明,乙醇浸提的生长期和花果期白蒿的挥发油具有较好的抗氧化活性.     

采用柱切换色谱-离子阱质谱联用法研究复方丹参滴丸中丹参素及其代谢产物

采用柱切换高效液相色谱技术对人血清中的丹参素及其代谢产物进行富集和分离,利用对电喷雾离子阱多级质谱负离子模式进行结构分析。一级流动相为甲醇-水(30：70,V/V),流速0．8mL／min;二级流动相为甲醇-水-甲酸铵(15：85：0．5,V/V/V),流速0．2mL／min;在人血清中检测到丹参素及其代谢产物,并探讨了主要代谢产物乙酰化的丹参素(m/z 240．2)。建立一种复方丹参滴丸中丹参素及其代谢产物在人体内代谢过程的高效分析方法。该方法可用于复方丹参滴丸中丹参素及与其结构类似的其它药物的体内代谢研究。     

固相萃取高效液相色谱-质谱法测定动物组织中硝基呋喃代谢产物

研究了对动物组织中4种硝基呋喃类代谢产物AOZ、AMOZ、SEM和AHD的自动固相萃取HPLC-MS分析方法，分别以2-氯苯甲醛和2-硝基苯甲醛作为衍生化试剂，分别用AMOZ-d5、AOZ-d4作内标，用ENSPE柱进行提取，以乙腈-0．1％甲酸为流动相，采用梯度洗脱，可在15min内将4种代谢产物完全分离并进行测定。回收率为85％-90％；检出限可达0．5μg／kg。采用两种衍生化方法可获得较多的定性确证信息。采用本方法研究了硝基呋喃在鸡饲养过程中的残留规律。     

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography and ion spray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of artesunate, artemether and their major metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in sheep plasma

Recently, promising fasciocidal activities of artesunate and artemether were described in rats and sheep. Therefore, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantify artesunate, artemether and their metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in sheep plasma. Protein precipitation with methanol was used for sample workup. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using an Atlantis C18 analytical column with a mobile phase gradient system of ammonium formate and acetonitrile. The analytes were detected by MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with electrospray ionisation in the positive mode (transition m/z 267.4 → 163.0). The analytical range for dihydroartemisinin, dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide and artesunate was 10-1000 ng/ml and for artemether 90-3000 ng/ml with a lower limit of quantification of 10 and 90 ng/ml, respectively. Inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision deviations were < 10%. Consistent relative recoveries (60-80%) were observed over the investigated calibration range for all analytes. All analytes were stable in the autosampler for at least 30 h (6 °C) and after three freeze and thaw cycles. The validation results demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method is precise, accurate and selective and can be used for the determination of the artemisinins in sheep plasma. The method was applied successfully to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and its metabolites in plasma of intramuscularly treated sheep.     

A sensitive,high‐throughput,and ecofriendly method for the determination of lumefantrine,artemether, and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin by supercritical fluid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

A quick and sensitive supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of lumefantrine, artemether, and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin in rat plasma was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPC²™ BEH 2‐EP column within 2.5 min by gradient elution using compressed CO₂ and methanol containing 2 mM ammonium acetate as the mobile phases. Detection was achieved by multiple reaction monitoring using electrospray ionization in the positive ionization mode. For sample preparation, 50 μL of the sample was processed by modified high‐throughput, one‐step protein precipitation using hydrogen peroxide as a stabilizer to protect the endoperoxide‐containing artemisinin derivatives from degradation. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 2.0–1000 ng/mL for both artemether and dihydroartemisinin, and 1.0–5000 ng/mL for lumefantrine. The values of selectivity, lower limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, stability, and recovery met the acceptable range according to the Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The developed method enables high resolution and speed as well as low cost, low solvent consumption, and short time and was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies through the intravenous administration of an artemether–lumefantrine lipid emulsion in rats.     

Metabolite identification of artemether by data-dependent accurate mass spectrometric analysis using an LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer in combination with the online hydrogen/deuterium exchange technique

Artemether (ARM), the O-methyl ether prodrug of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), is a first-line antimalarial drug used in areas of multi-drug resistance. Artemisinin drugs can be metabolized extensively in vivo and this seems related to their autoinduction pharmacokinetics. In the present study, the metabolite identification of ARM was performed by the generic data-dependent accurate mass spectrometric analysis, using high-resolution (HR) liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer in conjunction with online hydrogen (H)/deuterium (D) exchange for rapid structural characterization. The LC separation was improved allowing the separation of ARM parent drugs and their metabolites from their diastereomers. A total of 77 phase I metabolites of ARM were identified in rat liver microsomal incubates and rat urine, including dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin. In rat bile, 12 phase II metabolites were found. Accurate mass data were obtained in both full scan and HR-MS/MS mode to support assignments of metabolite structures. Online H/D exchange LC/HR-ESI-MS experiments provided additional evidence in differentiating dihydroxylated deoxy-ARM from mono-hydroxylated ARM. The results showed the main phase I metabolites of artemether are hydroxylated, dehydro, demethylated and deoxy products, and they will undergo subsequent phase II glucuronidation processes. Most metabolites were reported for the first time. This study also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with an online H/D exchange LC/HR-MS(n) technique in rapid identification of drug metabolites.     

Selective determination, in plasma, of artemether and its major metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A sensitive and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of artemether and its major metabolite dihydroartemisinin in plasma has been developed. It involves extraction of plasma with dichloromethane, solid-phase separation of the two analytes and acid decomposition prior to chromatography on a C18 Spherisorb column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (50:50, v/v). Run time is 30 min. The assay satisfies all of the criteria required for use in clinical pharmacokinetic studies.     

Determination of β-artemether and its main metabolite dihydroartemisinin in plasma employing liquid-phase microextraction prior to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis

A method for the determination of artemether (ART) and its main metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in plasma employing liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) for sample preparation prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) was developed. The analytes were extracted from 1 mL of plasma utilizing a two-phase LPME procedure with artemisinin as internal standard. Using the optimized LPME conditions, mean absolute recovery rates of 25 and 32% for DHA and ART, respectively, were achieved using toluene-n-octanol (1:1, v/v) as organic phase with an extraction time of 30 min. After extraction, the analytes were resolved within 5 min using a mobile phase consisting of methanol-ammonium acetate (10 mmol L⁻¹, pH 5.0, 80:20, v/v) on a laboratory-made column based on poly(methyltetradecylsiloxane) attached to a zirconized-silica support. MS-MS detection was employed using an electrospray interface in the positive ion mode. The method developed was linear over the range of 5-1000 ng mL⁻¹ for both analytes. Precision and accuracy were within acceptable levels of confidence (<15%). The assay was applied to the determination of these analytes in plasma from rats treated with ART. The two-phase LPME procedure is affordable and the solvent consumption was very low compared to the traditional methods of sample preparation.     

荧光光谱法研究青蒿素类抗疟药与CYP2B6酶的相互作用

在模拟人体生理条件下,采用荧光光谱法及同步荧光法研究了抗疟药青蒿素(ART)和双氢青蒿素(DHA)与药物代谢酶CYP2B6之间的相互作用.结果表明,在温度为296～303 K时,ART和DHA对CYP2B6的猝灭机制均以静态猝灭为主,当温度由303 K升高至310 K时,则为静态猝灭和动态猝灭共同作用的混合猝灭机制;在...     

Effects of different parameters on supercritical fluid extraction of steroid drugs, from spiked matrices and tablets

Feasibility of supercritical CO(2) extractions of two steroid drugs, medroxyprogesterone acetate (med) and cyproterone acetate (cyp), were evaluated. The effects of temperature (308-348 K), pressure (100-300 bar), static extraction time (5-15 min), dynamic extraction time (10-30 min) and percent methanol modifier (1-10% v/v) on the SFE recoveries of these drugs from spiked matrices (glass) and pharmaceutical dosages (tablets) were investigated. The results showed that minor structural differences between related compounds might lead to dramatically differences in extraction behaviors under the same conditions. The optimum SFE conditions to extract the drugs from spiked glass were 10 min static, 30 min dynamic, 300 bar, 348 K and 5% modifier in the case of med acetate and 10 min static, 30 min dynamic, 100 bar, 308 K, and 10% modifier in the case of cyp. Under these conditions above 90% of the total recovery was obtained for both drugs. Extractions from pharmaceutical dosages were less efficient compared to glass beads under the same conditions. Quantitative recovery of solutes from tablets were obtained upon changing extraction conditions to: 15 min static, 45 min dynamic, P=300 bar, 20% modifier (for med) and 10% (for cyp).     

非水相中微生物脂肪酶催化转酯化拆分(R,S)-α-苯乙醇

研究了非水有机溶剂体系中脂肪酶不对称转酯化拆分(R,S)-α-苯乙醇反应,比较了15种不同微生物来源的脂肪酶,从中优选出催化活性及对映选择性较高的脂肪酶Lipase PS,系统考察了影响该酶催化不对称转酯化反应的关键因素,获得了优化的催化拆分工艺条件.结果表明,脂肪酶Lipase PS在非水反应体系中,以正己烷为反应介...     

Hptlc Separation And Determination Of Amniotic Fluid Phospholipids

Abstract

High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) under controlled relative humidity conditions was employed in order to separate phospholipids of amniotic fluid. Quantitative determination was accomplished after visualization by copper acetate/phosphoric acid (CA) and by phospho-molybdic acid (PMA). In both cases reflectance was found to follow the Kubelka-Munk theory in the Treiber and Pollak approximation. PMA gives fairly better results as it concerns reproducibility. A method of analysis is proposed that allows to use 500 μl or less of amniotic fluid. A complete phospholipid analysis can be performed in 40 min. Proposed method was tested on simulated and real samples and results compared with conventional spectrophotometry analysis.     

Sugar amide-pyrrolidine catalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins

New sugar amide-pyrrolidine derivatives possessing the furano form of the carbohydrate template were designed and developed as efficient and stereoselective organocatalysts for asymmetric Michael additions of ketones to nitroolefins at room temperature. Good yields and high selectivities were achieved with catalyst 2 under solvent-free and additive-free reaction conditions.