超声辐照引发MMA微乳液聚合

研究了超声波引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的微乳液聚合.辐照40min时单体转化率高达90%.透射电镜观察发现,PMMA微乳液平均粒径为36.5nm,粒径分布窄,表明超声波引发是制备PMMA微乳液的有效方法.采用分光光度计对微乳液聚合过程中乳胶粒的形成和大小进行了间接表征,研究了超声功率输出、乳化剂、助乳化剂、单体和引发剂对MMA微乳液聚合的影响.     

Reactive-HALS III: ATMP光聚合动力学研究

以受阻胺哌啶醇衍生物4-(丙烯酰氧基)-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶醇酯(ATMP)作为聚合单体,利用光差动热分析法(DPC)系统地研究了ATMP的光聚合反应活性和反应动力学规律.结果表明:反应体系的组成和聚合条件对ATMP光聚合动力学有显著的影响;在聚合初期,ATMP光聚合速率同引发剂浓度和辐照光强的平方根呈线性关系;利用DPC测定了ATMP光聚合过程的动力学参数(kp和kt),链终止速率常数kt远大于链增长速率常数kp, kt/kp= 100.01～394.78;kt和kp均随着转化率的增大而减小,但kt的减小幅度大于kp;电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)定量结果表明:原位生成的微量[(2～6)×10-7mol/L]稳定氮氧自由基对ATMP的溶液光聚合过程的阻聚效应不明显.     

Reactive—HALSⅢ：ATMP光聚合动力学研究

以受阻胺哌啶醇衍生物4-(丙烯酰氧基)-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶醇酯(ATMP)作为聚合单体,利用光差动热分析法(DPC)系统地研究了ATMP的光聚合反应活性和反应动力学规律.结果表明:反应体系的组成和聚合条件对ATMP光聚合动力学有显著的影响;在聚合初期,ATMP光聚合速率同引发剂浓度和辐照光强的平方根呈线性关系;利用DPC测定了ATMP光聚合过程的动力学参数(kp和kt),链终止速率常数kt远大于链增长速率常数kp, kt/kp= 100.01～394.78;kt和kp均随着转化率的增大而减小,但kt的减小幅度大于kp;电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)定量结果表明:原位生成的微量[(2～6)×10-7mol/L]稳定氮氧自由基对ATMP的溶液光聚合过程的阻聚效应不明显.     

石英晶体微天平技术在苯胺乳液聚合动力学研究中的应用

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)技术, 探讨了在有无磁场条件下, 用过硫酸铵(APS)作为引发剂时苯胺的乳液聚合动力学行为. 研究结果表明, 苯胺的乳液聚合反应速率对苯胺(An)是一级反应; 对APS和十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)均为0.5级反应. 磁场环境中苯胺的聚合速率比在无磁环境中的要快. 在有无磁场条件下, 反应的表观活化能分别为40.4和41.6 kJ/mol. 结果表明, QCM技术可以作为研究An聚合动力学的一种有效方法.     

超声辐照乳液聚合制备聚丙烯酸正丁酯空心微球

利用超声辐照引发包覆乳液聚合制备了聚丙烯酸正丁酯(PBA)空心微球.TEM和DLS结果显示,空心微球粒径均一,壳层厚度均匀.FTIR结果显示,壳-核物质间以物理吸附相结合,没有形成化学键.同时,利用TEM和DLS研究了空心微球的形成机理,阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)在CMC浓度以下首先吸附在纳米SiO2粒子表面形成双层结构,然后丙烯酸正丁酯(BA)单体增溶进入CTAB层间,在超声辐照引发、分散作用下包覆聚合形成均一的PBA-SiO2壳-核粒子,再利用HF溶液去除无机核,得到PBA空心微球.     

纳米SiO_2粒子表面静电吸附引发剂的活性研究

引发剂2,2′-偶氮二(2-脒基丙烷)二氢氯化物(AIBA)可通过静电作用而高效稳定地吸附到在弱碱性水相中均匀稳定分散的纳米SiO2粒子表面.对这些吸附引发剂的热分解行为、在纳米SiO2粒子表面原位引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)乳液聚合的动力学和纳米SiO2粒子表面的聚合锚固情况进行了研究.发现非吸附和吸附引发剂的热分解活化能分别为148.5kJ/mol和124.5kJ/mol,70℃时半衰期分别为12.6h和5.2h,说明在相同状态下静电吸附引发剂具有比非吸附引发剂更高的活性,因而在原位乳液聚合中表现出比常规乳液聚合更短的诱导期和更高的聚合速率.更关键的是,具有较高活性的吸附引发剂高效稳定地吸附在SiO2粒子表面,可以使聚合反应总是优先发生于纳米SiO2粒子表面,从而可以更好地促进单体在纳米SiO2粒子表面的锚固,最终有效提高无机/有机相间的复合程度.     

反应型受阻胺-4-丙烯酰胺基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(AATP)熔融本体光聚合反应动力学研究

合成了反应型受阻胺4-丙烯酰胺基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(AATP),用FTIR、¹H-NMR和元素分析对其结构和组成进行了综合表征.以AATP为聚合单体,利用光-DSC技术研究了AATP熔融本体光聚合反应动力学.结果表明:AATP光聚合的诱导时间随引发剂浓度和辐照光强增加而缩短,光聚合速率随温度的升高而减小;在聚合初期,AATP光聚合速率分别与引发剂浓度和辐照光强的平方根呈较好的线性增长关系.并用稳态和非稳态相结合的光-DSC方法测定了AATP光聚合过程的动力学参数:链增长速率常数k_p=2.22-7.96×10²L/mol·s、链终止速率常数k_t=0.08-2.67×10⁴L/mol·s、表观活化能为E_p-E_t/2=-7.70-13.36kJ/mol、指前因子A_p/A_t^0.5=0.076-0.333(L/mol·s)0.5,k_p和k_t在聚合初期均随单体转化率的提高而增大,但kt增加的幅度远大于k_p.     

基于光引发剂分解动力学调控聚合过程的研究

通过采取定期取样的办法,利用紫外分光光度仪测得不同时间下的同一时刻的丙烯酰胺的转化率和光引发剂2-羟基-2-甲基-1-[4-(2-羟基乙氧基)苯基]-1-丙酮在混合物中的含量,可以发现丙烯酰胺的光聚合过程存在明显的3个阶段,根据同一时刻下丙烯酰胺的转化率对应的引发剂的含量,建立以光引发剂消耗量划分聚合过程的三阶段模型,将聚合过程分为聚合前期、聚合中期和聚合后期,通过光照强度、狭缝宽度和旋转速度研究了光引发剂的分解动力学,计算出不同条件下的引发剂的分解速率常数kd.结果表明,实验条件下光引发剂分解速率常数kd在4.00×10~(-4)s~(-1)内可调控,在聚合三阶段模型中存在最佳kd组合,即第一阶段kd为4.00×10~(-4)s~(-1),第二阶段kd为1.90×10~(-4)s~(-1),第三阶段kd为1.90×10~(-4)s~(-1),得到合成聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的最佳自由基浓度是10.82×10~(-8)~12.56×10~(-8)mol·L~(-1)s~(-1),光引发剂的初始浓度[I]0应控制在100~110 mg/L.     

2,2′-二邻甲氧基苯基-4,4′,5,5′-四苯基-1,2′-二咪唑复合光引发体系的光聚合动力学研究

本文研究了对2,2′-二邻甲氧基苯基-4,4′,5,5′-四苯基-1,2′-二咪唑(BMOIM)复合光引发体系引发聚合动力学过程.采用紫外光谱仪对引发剂、供氢体、增感剂在紫外区的吸收谱图进行了表征.利用实时红外光谱仪对复合光引发体系引发聚合动力学过程进行实时监测,考察了不同光强、引发剂浓度以及不同官能度单体对反应速率及最终双键转化率的影响.结果表明,在引发剂浓度为0.6%(质量分数)时,20s内双键转换率达到96%,随着引发剂浓度的提高,聚合速率增大.聚合速率以及最终双键转化率随着光强增大而增大;双官能团单体的最终双键转化率比三官能团单体的最终双键转化率要高.     

超声辐照分散聚合制备聚苯乙烯纳米微球

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作稳定剂,将单体苯乙烯通过超声辐照分散聚合制得聚苯乙烯纳米微球,利用透射电子显微镜观察了微球形态和大小,探讨了温度、引发剂和稳定剂浓度等对聚合反应的影响. 研究结果表明,与常规加热聚合相比,超声辐照分散聚合反应速度快,制备的聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径小.在超声辐照分散聚合下,反应1 h的St转化率达到63%,所得PS纳米粒子的平均粒径为80 nm. 随着温度升高分散聚合反应速率增大,稳定剂浓度太大或太小均不利于反应的稳定进行.     

Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Isobutyl Methacrylate in Ternary-Component Emulsions and Microemulsions: Effect of Surfactant Concentration

Abstract

The similarities and differences in the polymerization of MMA (methyl methacrylate) and iBMA (isobutyl methacrylate) in a ternarycomponent system have been investigated from a turbid emulsion to a transparent microemulsion by increasing the surfactant concentration. In spite of the difference in the solubilities of these two monomers in the aqueous phase, the rate dependencies on the surfactant concentration of both monomers were found to be about 0.30 for the emulsion polymerization and about 0.60 for the microemulsion polymerization with monomer concentrations higher than 5 wt%. However, at a low monomer concentration (3 wt%), different negative rate dependencies of ?0.93 and ?1.20 were obtained for microemulsion polymerization of MMA and iBMA, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of particle nucleation mechanisms.     

AMPS/MMA二元共聚微球的超声无皂乳液制备与表征

将超声辐射无皂乳液聚合作用于含有2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）和甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）的水溶液中,在不加任何引发剂和乳化剂的条件下合成AMPS/MMA二元共聚高分子微球,考察了超声反应时间对单体转化率的影响,用FTIR、TGA-DSC、TEM和粒度分析仪等技术进行了表征,并初步探讨了聚合反应机理。结果表明,合成得到的高分子微球粒径在0.77μm左右,分散均匀,且具有较好的热稳定性     

Seeded microemulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate

The seeded microemulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate was studied with γ-rays. The hydrodynamic diameter and its distribution of polymer particles in the seeded microemulsion before and after polymerization were determined with photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Though there were micelles in the microemulsion, it was found that new particle formation could be ignored during polymerization. The polymerization kinetics of the seeded microemulsion was investigated. The polymerization rate increases with the dose rate and added monomer content and decreases with the seed fraction. It was completely different from that for seeded emulsion polymerization. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2631–2635, 1998     

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of methyl methacrylate in emulsion

Theoretical simulations showed that for controlled/living radical polymerization in an emulsion system, some of the earliest born particles could be superswollen to a size close to 1 μm. We hypothesized that the superswelling of these particles would lead to colloidal instability. Under the guidance of the simulation results, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out. Experimental results showed that increasing the initiation rate, surfactant level, and targeted molecular weight could improve the colloidal stability of the RAFT polymerization of MMA in an emulsion. The experimental results were in full accord with the theoretical predictions. The poor control of the molecular weight and polydispersity index was found to have a close relationship with the colloidal instability. For the first time, we demonstrated that RAFT polymerization could successfully be implemented with little coagulum, good control of the molecular weight, and a low polydispersity index with the same process used for traditional emulsion polymerization but with higher surfactant levels and initiation rates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44:2837–2847, 2006     

KINETICS OF SUSPENDED EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE

The kinetics of suspended emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), in which water acted as the dispersed phase and the mixture of MMA and cyclohexane as the continuous phase, was investigated. It showed that the initial polymerization rate (Rp0) and steady-state polymerization rate (Rp) were proportional to the mass ratio between water and oil phase, and increased as the polymerization temperature, the potassium persulphate concentration ([I]) and the Tween20 emulsifier concentration ([S]) increased. The relationships between the polymerization rate and [I] and [S] were obtained as follows: Rp0 ∝ [I]0.73[S]0.32 and Rp ∝ [I]0.71[S]0.23. The above exponents were close to those obtained from normal MMA emulsion polymerization. It also showed that the average molecular weight of the resulting poly(methyl methacrylate) decreased as the polymerization temperature, [I] and [S] increased. Thus, MMA suspended emulsion polymerization could be considered as a combination of many miniature emulsion polymerizations proceeding in water drops and obeyed the classical kinetics of MMA emulsion polymerization.     

Microemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of a cationic emulsifier

The principal subject discussed in the current paper is the radical polymerization of styrene in the three- and four component microemulsions stabilized by a cationic emulsifier. Polymerization in the o/w microemulsion is a new polymerization technique which allows to prepare the polymer latexes with the very high particle interface area and narrow particle size distribution. Polymers formed are very large with a very broad molecular weight distribution. In emulsion and microemulsion polymerizations, the reaction takes place in a large number of isolated loci dispersed in the continuous aqueous phase. However, in spite of the similarities between emulsion and microemulsion polymerization, there are large differences caused by the much larger amount of emulsifier in the latter process. In the emulsion polymerization there are three rate intervals. In the microemulsion polymerization only two reaction rate intervals are commonly detected: first, the polymerization rate increases rapidly with the reaction time and then decreases steadily. Essential features of microemulsion polymerization are as follows: (1) polymerization proceeds under non-stationary state conditions; (2) size and particle concentration increases throughout the course of polymerization; (3) chain-transfer to monomer/exit of transferred monomeric radical/radical re-entry events are operative; and (4) molecular weight is independent of conversion and distribution of resulting polymer is very broad. The number of microdroplets or monomer-starved micelles at higher conversion is high and they persist throughout the reaction. The high emulsifier/water ratio ensures that the emulsifier is undissociated and can penetrate into the microdroplets. The presence of a large amount of emulsifier strongly influences the reaction kinetics and the particle nucleation. The mixed mode particle nucleation is assumed to govern the polymerization process. At low emulsifier concentration the micellar nucleation is dominant while at a high emulsifier concentration the interaction-like homogeneous nucleation is operative. Furthermore, the paper is focused on the initiation and nucleation mechanisms, location of initiation locus, and growth and deactivation of latex particles. Furthermore, the relationship between kinetic and molecular weight parameters of the microemulsion polymerization process and colloidal (water/particle interface) parameters is discussed. In particular, we follow the effect of initiator and emulsifier type and concentration on the polymerization process. Besides, the effects of monomer concentration and additives are also evaluated.     

Computational study of cyclohexanone-monomer co-initiation mechanism in thermal homo-polymerization of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate

This paper presents a systematic computational study of the mechanism of cyclohexanone-monomer co-initiation in high-temperature homopolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Previous experimental studies of spontaneous thermal homopolymerization of MA and MMA showed higher monomer conversion in the presence of cyclohexanone than xylene. However, these studies did not reveal the initiation mechanism(s) or the initiating species. To identify the initiation mechanism and the initiating species, we explore four different mechanisms, (1) Kaim, (2) Flory, (3) α-position hydrogen transfer, and (4) Mayo, using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) calculations. Transition-state geometries for each mechanism are determined using B3LYP/6-31G* and assessed with MP2/6-31G*. Activation energies and rate constants are calculated using transition-state theory. The harmonic oscillator approximation and tunneling corrections are applied to compute the reaction rate constants. This study indicates that α-position hydrogen transfer and Mayo mechanisms have comparable barriers and are capable of generating monoradicals for initiating polymerization of MA and MMA; these two mechanisms can cause cyclohexanone-monomer co-initiation in thermal polymerization of MA and MMA.     

Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate with azo-containing polydimethylsiloxane as photoinitiator: Effect of siloxane chain length

The kinetics of the free radical photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by azo-containing polydimethylsiloxane (PSMAI) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was investigated. The greater polymerization rate R_p in MMA/PSMAI systems may be due to the higher value of the initiation rate R_i and the lower value of the termination rate constant k_t than that in MMA/AIBN system. The reaction orders with respect to initiators PSMAI decreased with an increase in polydimethylsiloxane chain length (SCL) in PSMAI. The observed deviations in polymerization rate from rate equation could be explained in terms of primary radical termination. The photoinitiator efficiency Φ of initiators decreased with increase in SCL, while the ratio of the rate constants for chain termination and chain initiation by primary radical increased with SCL. The fraction β of primary radicals entering into termination in MMA/PSMAI systems were larger than that in MMA/AIBN system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The effect of mixed solvents pyridine–carbon tetrachloride on the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate

A study was made of the methyl methacrylate (MMA) solution polymerization in CCl₄-pyridine mixtures as well as in net components at 30, 50, and 70°C. The results obtained show that there are no significant deviations from additivity in the overall chain transfer constants that fit the straight line between the values of Cs for CCl₄ and pyridine. It can be concluded that the EDA interaction between CCl₄ and pyridine does not change the sensitivity of each component for chain transfer from propagation PMMA free radical. The pyridine in the system increases the rate of MMA polymerization as a result of the higher rate of initiation.