对化学教学论实验课程的实践及思考

在化学教学论实验课程的教学中,通过组建任课教师、化学教师教育方向研究生、本科生这样一个多层次、一体化的学习共同体,按照"两主线三阶段"的教学模式,培养教学新手的实验教学管理能力。模仿校本教研的方式,促进共同体中的教学新手对科技哲学观念指导下的化学实验教学过程所需要的教学技能进行实践性体验,从而实现化学教师的专业化发展。     

多元智能理论在我国中学化学中应用的回顾与反思

多元智能理论在我国中学化学中的应用主要集中在化学课程、化学教学、化学实验、教学评价、教师的专业化发展、多元智能的培养策略等方面。未来研究应注重厘清多元智能理论的研究意义,重视实证性研究,探索多样化的教学模式、教学策略和开发丰富的课程资源,制定符合我国实际的多元智能评价标准,重视教师的专业化发展水平。     

研究型教师培养的“微型化学实验”教学模式

研究型教师培养的“微型化学实验”教学模式是形成职前化学教师实验研究素养的有效途径.其基本特征为:选题的适切性、研究的自主性、能力的生成性和实验的创新性.实践表明,这一教学模式的实施有利于师范生实验研究、实验教学和创新能力的提高,能够促进教师专业化的发展.     

中学微型化学实验发展的若干思考

微型化学实验在中学化学新课程中的发展和优势体现,需要研究者设计新体系拓展其教学功能,其技术性研究趋向多元化,研究内容趋向多学科综合。应从课标实验教材编写、中高考命题以及教师教育3个方面入手,开拓创新地采取一定措施来促进微型化学实验的推广,并提倡融合微型化学实验的课堂教学设计。     

深入发掘化学实验教育功能的尝试

化学实验是化学科学形成和发展的基础,是检验化学科学知识真理性的标准,是化学教学中学生获取和检验化学知识的重要途径。本文从拓展基础性实验项目的教育功能和构建阶梯型实验项目体系2个方面探讨了化学实验的教育功能。     

《化学教育》伴我成长

论述了如何利用《化学教育》杂志的丰富内容开展中学化学教育教学、培养人才和教育研究,促进教师的专业发展。     

对教师创意实验评比的几点认识

根据全国化学教学研究会中师工作委员会的安排,全国(华东赛区)中师化学教师创意实验评比活动于1999年7月在江西省九江师范学校举行。来自华东各省的20名教师代表参加了比赛,他们都是在各省预赛的基础上产生的。笔者认真观看了这些教师的精彩表演,现就这次评比活动谈几点认识。１ 教师创意实验评比的意义实验是化学学科赖以形成和发展的基础,是教师向学生传授知识的重要中介。教师创意实验的优劣直接反映了教师实验教学能力的状况。因此教师创意实验评比活动首先有利于交流中师化学教学的现状,推广优秀的创意实验,更好地发挥化学实验对…     

发展学生化学学科核心素养离不开化学实验

化学实验是化学教学的重要组成部分,不仅具有教育教学功能,而且具有发展学生化学学科核心素养的功能。从认识层面、实践层面和价值追求层面来看,化学实验在发展学生科学本质观、科学实践观和科学价值观方面均发挥着不可替代的功能。教师可以利用化学实验史实呈现真实的科学发现过程,发展学生的科学本质观;可以通过引导学生对化学实验现象的观察和基于实验事实证据的推理发展学生“宏观辨识与微观探析”“证据推理和模型认知”素养;可以通过开展化学实验探究,引导学生拓宽认识视角和认识思路,发展学生“科学探究与创新意识”素养;可以通过化学实验评价发展学生的“科学态度和社会责任”素养。     

初中化学实验教学中实现三维目标整合的有效策略

论述了有效教学的概念,并提出了4点在初中化学实验教学中实现三维目标整合的有效教学策略,即启发讲授使学生深刻理解化学实验;示范演示、规范操作实验深刻影响学生;有指导的学生实验,可以帮助学生深入地理解化学知识;学生独立实验,可以提高学生的能力。倡导化学教师的教学要真正成为能够促进全体学生进步和发展的有效教学。     

化学精品课程建设:综合化学实验课程建设与实践

综合化学实验是一门面向化学专业高年级学生的实验课程,经过几代教师不断改革创新逐渐建设成为一门教学形式新颖多样、教学内容层次丰富的创新性化学实验课程,有效帮助学生整合实验理论和方法,锻炼和提升化学相关实验技能,培养学生综合运用所学知识技能深度分析和解决化学相关科学问题的能力,引导学生独立思考、勇于创新的科研习惯的形成和科研素养的提升。对综合化学实验课程近年来在教学设计、教学内容和教学方法等方面的改革和实践进行总结,并对课程未来的建设思路予以展望。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。