甲醇团簇的多光子电离质谱及其从头算

用355 nm激光对脉冲分子束超声膨胀冷却的甲醇分子进行多光子电离, 飞行时间质谱仪观测到除甲醇碎片离子外的质子化甲醇团簇(CH3OH)nH+(n=1-16), 且离子的种类及相对强度与激光相对于脉冲分子束的延时无关, 取决于团簇离子内在结构的稳定性. 结合从头算密度泛函理论, 在B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组水平上优化得到了(CH3OH)n和(CH3OH)nH+(n=1-4)的稳定构型. 振动频谱分析显示, 团簇中最强的红外振动模主要来自氢键H伸缩振动的贡献. 团簇电离后发生于团簇内的质子转移反应也可能与激光电离引起的与氢键有关的振动模激发密切相关.     

C_2H_3Cl分子团簇内部离子-分子反应产生C_4H_5Cl~ 的研究

用同步辐射对（C2H3Cl）分子团簇进行了光电离研究，发现该团簇内部发生了离子－分子化学反应，生成了十分稳定的反应产物C4H5Cl＋，不再是varderWaals弱键络合物．本文对反应机理进行了初步探讨     

氨和甲醇团簇中的质子转移反应

应用激光多光子电离质谱和分子束技术研究了氨和甲醇二元团簇,实验观测到两个系列质子化的团簇离子: (CH3OH)nH+和(CH3OH)nNH4+(1≤n≤14 ),其产生是经过二元团簇内的质子转移反应。同时也研究了氘代甲醇CH3OD和氨混合团簇,结果表明OD原子团中的D转移概率比CH3原子团中的质子转移概率大几倍。在HF/STO-3G和MP2/6-31G*　*水平上对氨和甲醇二元团簇进行了计算,结果表明与CH3相比OH中的质子转移更加容易,因为CH3中的质子转移过程要克服高度约120 kJ/mol的能垒。     

三分子化学反应——一个未被证实的假设

从分子碰撞的观点考虑,二体碰撞引发的化学反应占绝对优势,这导致三体同时碰撞的三分子反应几乎不存在。按IUPAC（1996）推荐的基元反应分子数的定义,人们多年前虚拟的三分子反应机理（如NO＋NO＋O2——2NO2和CH3＋CH3＋Ar——C2H6＋Ar）至今没有被证实。根据优秀教材需要不断克服＂难、繁、偏、旧＂的原则,建议从大学教材中精简或删去＂三分子化学反应＂的内容。     

CaH_2…HY（Y=CH_3,C_2H_3,C_2H,CN,NC）体系双氢键性质的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G（3df,2p）及MP2/6-311＋＋G（3df,2p）水平上探讨了以CaH2为质子受体及多种常见质子供体构成的CaH2…HY（Y=CH3,C2H3,C2H,CN,NC）弱相互作用体系的几何结构以及所形成的双氢键的性质.MP2方法计算得到线型的CaH2分子结构,在B3LYP方法计算下优化得到的CaH2部分则是一个非常明显的弯曲结构.NBO分析计算表明,线型结构（MP2）中Ca原子杂化轨道主要源自于sp杂化而弯曲结构（B3LYP）则主要为sd杂化,这与之前报道的相关研究结论相一致.基于不同CaH2分子结构计算得到的CaH2…HY体系的H…H间距离、相互作用能以及电荷转移性质等非常接近.MP2和B3LYP方法计算得到的CaH2…HY体系H…H间距离均处于0.15～0.24nm,相互作用能处于1～44kJmol-1范围.CaH2…HY体系的相互作用能变化趋势为CaH2…CH4-CaH2…C2H4-CaH2…C2H2-CaH2…HCN-CaH2…HNC,H…H距离的变化规律与相互作用能变化趋势相反,即键能越大H…H距离越小.相较于HY单体,形成的CaH2…HY复合物体系的质子供体键H-Y的键长增大,质子供体的键长增加量△r（H-Y）与H…H间距离间有这样的关系：H…H间距离越小,△r（H-Y）越大.双氢键AIM拓扑数据表明形成CaH2…HY复合物后,Ca-H键临界点的电子密度（ρc）较单体时减小且与双氢键相互作用能成线性关系,即复合物中Ca-H键临界点的ρc数值越小同时双氢键键能越大.NPA结果表明,CaH2…HY体系中分子间的电荷转移总量随键能增大而增大.通过H…H间距离、相互作用能以及AIM分析,我们认为CaH2…CH4和CaH2…C2H4体系可划分为弱的范德华相互作用,而CaH2…C2H2,CaH2…HCN和CaH2…HNC体系形成的双氢键强度上相当于常规氢键,且最值得注意的是CaH2分子结构的差异性对CaH2…HY体系性质的影响微乎其微.     

Alkali （Alkali Earth） Metal Ions with 2-（3＇-Hydroxy-2＇-pyridyl）benz- oxazole Cation-π Complexes and Its Intramolecular Proton Transfer Process： A Theoretical Investigation

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6—311＋＋G（d,p）基组水平上对碱（土）金属离子（Li＋,Na＋,K＋,Be2＋,Mg2＋和Ca2＋）与2-（3’-羟基-2’-吡啶基）苯并噁唑（HPyBO）的36种阳离子-π复合物的初始构型进行了几何全优化,并计算了其相互作用能．结果表明,碱（土）金属离子与HPyBO复合物有较强的阳离子-π相互作用,部分复合物甚至达到了化学键的强度．相对能量的变化表明碱（土）金属离子的作用能改变HPyBO分子内质子转移过程的能垒,甚至可以导致优势构型反转．当考虑水的溶剂效应后,各质子转移异构体的相对能量及质子转移的能垒均有一定程度的改变．另外,应用分子中的原子（AIM）方法对复合物分子内氢键的键临界点性质进行了分析．     

二氯卡宾与甲醇及甲硫醇插入与氢抽提反应的量子化学计算

利用密度泛函和自然键轨道理论及电子密度拓扑分析方法，对单、三重态CCl2与CH3MH（M=O，S）中C—H和M—H键的插入反应及抽提氢反应进行了研究．在B3LYP／6-311G（d，p）水平上优化了势能面上构型，并以频率分析和内禀反应坐标法进行了确认．计算了各物种的CCSD（T）／6-211G（d，p）能量．结果表明，主反应通道主要发生在单重态势能面中，单重态CCl2既可以与C-H及M—H键发生插入反应，存在四条主反应通道，分别生成P1[CH3OCHCl2，反应Ⅰ（1）]，P3[Cl2HCCH2OH，反应Ⅰ（2）]和PS[CH3SCHCl2，反应Ⅱ（1）]，P7[Cl2HCCH2SH，反应Ⅱ（2）]，也可以与CH3MH发生抽提氢反应，分别生成P4[CH2O＋CH2Cl2，反应Ⅰ（3）]和P8[CH2S＋CH2Cl2，反应Ⅱ（3）]．同时，存在三重态CCl2与CH3SH插入生成^3P4[CH3SCHCl＋Cl]的反应通道．进一步对反应通道上的关键点进行了自然键轨道和电子密度拓扑分析．     

氧负离子与乙烯自由基反应的理论研究

在G3MP2B3理论水平下研究了氧负离子与乙烯自由基的反应机理. 反应入口势能面的刚性扫描显示: 对于不同的初始反应取向, 体系存在3种不同的反应机理, 分别对应直接脱水、插入反应和直接键合成中间体通道. 其中, 通过插入反应形成的富能中间体[CH2＝C—OH]－及键合中间体[CH2＝CHO]－都可以进一步经异构化和解离生成其它各种可能产物, 如C2H－＋H2O, OH－＋CH2C和 ＋CO产物通道. 基于计算得到的反应势垒的相对高度, 直接脱水反应显然是该反应体系最主要的产物通道, 同时我们还结合Mulliken电荷布居分析研究了其中涉及的电子交换过程. 由此, 计算结果证实了以往OH－与C2H2反应的实验研究结果. 此外, 还对比了该反应体系、氧原子与乙烯自由基、氧负离子与乙烯分子三个反应的不同机理.     

1,4-二氧六环和氨分子氢键团簇的从头算

在不同基组水平上,对１,４－二氧六环和氨分子氢键团簇体系进行了从头算分子转道法研究,优化得到中性团簇,离子团簇和碎片离子（质子化团簇离子和非质子化团簇离子）平衡几何构型,研究结果表明：中性团簇最稳定构型为Ｒ－ＨＮ２－ＨＮＮ２（Ｒ：１,４－二氧六环）,离子团簇由于发生质子转移,其构型与中 团簇有较大的淡同,两类碎片离子Ｒ（ＮＨ３）＋和Ｒ（ＮＨ３）Ｈ＾＋与中性团簇Ｒ（ＮＨ３）的结构也有所不同     

捕获含有圣杯式十六核水簇的水-甲醇二元簇合物（H2O）20（CH3OH）4

超声反应条件下,以氧化银、2,2’-二苯基二羧酸（H2bpda）及柔性配体1,3．-（4-吡啶）丙烷（bpp）为原料,在1：1的甲醇-水混合溶剂中合成了一个全新的银配合物IAg4（bpda）2-（bpp）4·14H2O·2CH3OH]n（1）,并对该配合物进行了元素分析、红外光谱分析、热重分析以及晶体结构研究．X射线单晶结构分析表明,配合物1的空洞中包裹着一种由罕见的圣杯式十六核水簇、四个悬挂水分子及四个悬挂甲醇分子通过氢键作用所构筑的具有中心对称性的水-甲醇二元簇合物（H2O）20（CH3OH）4．其中的十六核水分子簇可看作由一组对称性相关的八核水簇相互耦合而成,而每个八核水则由两个折叠状的五核水通过共边形成．有趣地是,仔细分析发现目前的十六核水簇结构上非常类似由两个并环戊二烯通过[2＋2]环加成而得到的一种复杂的有机烃,显示出水分子簇与有机分子结构上的相似性．     

Kinetic studies of the on/off reaction of the amino group in the side chain of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes with 14-membered tetraazamacrocycles

The kinetics of the on/off reaction of the amino group in the side chain of tetraazamacrocyclic Cu2+, Ni2+ and Co2+ complexes has been measured. The rate law k(obs)=k(0)+k(H)[H+]+k(OH)/[H+], the sum of the forward and reverse reaction, gives rise to u-shaped pH dependences from which the three rate constants can be determined. k(H) describes the proton assisted dissociation of the amino group bound to the metal ion and is roughly correlated to the equilibrium constant of the reaction. k(OH) is determined by the protonation constant of the free amino group and the rate constant describing the binding of the amino group to the metal ion. k(0) is composed of the rate constant for the opening of the chelate ring without proton assistance and the rate for the reactivity of the ammonium group in the formation of the chelate ring. Our results show that the rates of the opening and closing of the chelate ring are very little dependent on the nature of the metal ion.     

Size-restricted proton transfer within toluene-methanol cluster ions

To understand the interaction between toluene and methanol, the chemical reactivity of [(C6H5CH3)(CH3OH) n=1-7](+) cluster ions has been investigated via tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry and through calculations. Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments show that the dissociated intracluster proton transfer reaction from the toluene cation to methanol clusters, forming protonated methanol clusters, only occurs for n = 2-4. For n = 5-7, CID spectra reveal that these larger clusters have to sequentially lose methanol monomers until they reach n = 4 to initiate the deprotonation of the toluene cation. Metastable decay data indicate that for n = 3 and n = 4 (CH3OH)3H(+) is the preferred fragment ion. The calculational results reveal that both the gross proton affinity of the methanol subcluster and the structure of the cluster itself play an important role in driving this proton transfer reaction. When n = 3, the cooperative effect of the methanols in the subcluster provides the most important contribution to allow the intracluster proton transfer reaction to occur with little or no energy barrier. As n >or= 4, the methanol subcluster is able to form ring structures to stabilize the cluster structures so that direct proton transfer is not a favored process. The preferred reaction product, the (CH3OH)3H(+) cluster ion, indicates that this size-restricted reaction is driven by both the proton affinity and the enhanced stability of the resulting product.     

Reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on neutral Nb8 clusters in the gas phase

Reactions of neutral V(n), Nb(n), and Ta(n) metal clusters (n< or =11) with CO+H(2) mixed gases and CH(3)OH in a flow tube reactor (1-50 Torr) are studied by time of flight mass spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Metal clusters are generated by laser ablation, and reactants and products are ionized by low fluence (approximately 200 microJ/cm(2)) 193 nm excimer laser light. Nb(n) clusters exhibit strong size dependent reactivity in reactions both with CO+H(2) and CH(3)OH compared with V(n) and Ta(n) clusters. A "magic number" (relatively intense) mass peak at Nb(8)COH(4) is observed in the reaction of Nb(n) clusters with CO+H(2), and CH(3)OH is suggested to be formed. This feature at Nb(8)COH(4) remains the most intense peak independent of the relative concentrations of CO and H(2) in the flow tube reactor. No other Nb(n), Ta(n), or V(n) feature behaves in this manner. In reactions of CH(3)OH with metal clusters M(n) (M=V, Nb, and Ta, n=3-11), nondehydrogenated products M(n)COH(4)/M(n)CH(3)OH are only observed on Nb(8) and Nb(10), whereas dehydrogenated products M(n)CO/CM(n)O are observed for all other clusters. These observations support the suggestion that CH(3)OH can be formed on Nb(8) in the reaction of Nb(n) with CO+H(2). A reaction mechanism is suggested based on the experimental results and theoretical calculations of this work and of those in the literature. Methanol formation from CO+H(2) on Nb(8) is overall barrierless and thermodynamically and kinetically favorable.     

Reactions of Laser Ablation-magnesium Plasma with Methanol Clusters

IntroductionReactions of metal ions with neutral molecules orclusters produce a variety of metal complex ions andother new series of cluster ions including cations andanions.The laser ablation-molecular beam(LA-MB)method has marked its relevance in the st…     

Theoretical study on the kinetics of OH radical reactions with CH3OOH and CH3CH2OOH

The mechanisms and kinetics studies of the OH radical with alkyl hydroperoxides CH(3)OOH and CH(3)CH(2)OOH reactions have been carried out theoretically. The geometries and frequencies of all the stationary points are calculated at the UBHandHLYP/6-311G(d,p) level, and the energy profiles are further refined by interpolated single-point energies method at the MC-QCISD level of theory. For two reactions, five H-abstraction channels are found and five products (CH(3)OO, CH(2)OOH, CH(3)CH(2)OO, CH(2)CH(2)OOH, and CH(3)CHOOH) are produced during the above processes. The rate constants for the CH(3)OOH/CH(3)CH(2)OOH + OH reactions are corrected by canonical variational transition state theory within 250-1500 K, and the small-curvature tunneling is included. The total rate constants are evaluated from the sum of the individual rate constants and the branching ratios are in good agreement with the experimental data. The Arrhenius expressions for the reactions are obtained.     

Theoretical study of the reactions CF3CH2OCHF2 + OH/Cl and its product radicals and parent ether(CH3CH2OCH3) with OH

A dual-level direct dynamic method is employed to study the reaction mechanisms of CF3CH2OCHF2 (HFE-245fa2; HFE-245mf) with the OH radicals and Cl atoms. Two hydrogen abstraction channels and two displacement processes are found for each reaction. For further study, the reaction mechanisms of its products (CF3CH2OCF2 and CF3CHOCHF2) and parent ether CH3CH2OCH3 with OH radical are investigated theoretically. The geometries and frequencies of all the stationary points and the minimum energy paths (MEPs) are calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. The energetic information along the MEPs is further refined at the G3(MP2) level of theory. For reactions CF3CH2OCHF2 + OH/Cl, the calculation indicates that the hydrogen abstraction from --CH2-- group is the dominant reaction channel, and the displacement processes may be negligible because of the high barriers. The standard enthalpies of formation for the reactant CF3CH2OCHF2, and two products CF3CH2OCHF2 and CF3CHOCHF2 are evaluated via group-balanced isodesmic reactions. The rate constants of reactions CF3CH2OCHF2 + OH/Cl and CH3CH2OCH3 + OH are estimated by using the variational transition state theory over a wide range of temperature (200-2000 K). The agreement between the theoretical and experimental rate constants is good in the measured temperature range. From the comparison between the rate constants of the reactions CF3CH2OCHF2 and CH3CH2OCH3 with OH, it is shown that the fluorine substitution decreases the reactivity of the C--H bond.     

NMR studies of double proton transfer in hydrogen bonded cyclic N,N'-diarylformamidine dimers: conformational control, kinetic HH/HD/DD isotope effects and tunneling

Using dynamic NMR spectroscopy, the kinetics of the degenerate double proton transfer in cyclic dimers of polycrystalline (15)N,(15)N'-di-(4-bromophenyl)-formamidine (DBrFA) have been studied including the kinetic HH/HD/DD isotope effects in a wide temperature range. This transfer is controlled by intermolecular interactions, which in turn are controlled by the molecular conformation and hence the molecular structure. At low temperatures, rate constants were determined by line shape analysis of (15)N NMR spectra obtained using cross-polarization (CP) and magic angle spinning (MAS). At higher temperatures, in the microsecond time scale, rate constants and kinetic isotope effects were obtained by a combination of longitudinal (15)N and (2)H relaxation measurements. (15)N CPMAS line shape analysis was also employed to study the non-degenerate double proton transfer of polycrystalline (15)N,(15)N'-diphenyl-formamidine (DPFA). The kinetic results are in excellent agreement with the kinetics of DPFA and (15)N,(15)N'-di-(4-fluorophenyl)-formamidine (DFFA) studied previously for solutions in tetrahydrofuran. Two large HH/HD and HD/DD isotope effects are observed in the whole temperature range which indicates a concerted double proton transfer mechanism in the domain of the reaction energy surface. The Arrhenius curves are non-linear indicating a tunneling mechanism. Arrhenius curve simulations were performed using the Bell-Limbach tunneling model. The role of the phenyl group conformation and hydrogen bond compression on the barrier of the proton transfer is discussed.     

Multichannel RRKM-TST and CVT rate constant calculations for reactions of CH2OH or CH3O with HO2

The kinetics and mechanism of the gas-phase reactions between hydroxy methyl radical (CH(2)OH) or methoxy radical (CH(3)O) with hydroproxy radical (HO(2)) have been theoretically investigated on their lowest singlet and triplet surfaces. Our investigations indicate the presence of one deep potential well on the singlet surface of each of these systems that play crucial roles on their kinetics. We have shown that the major products of CH(2)OH + HO(2) system are HCOOH, H(2)O, H(2)O(2), and CH(2)O and for CH(3)O + HO(2) system are CH(3)OH and O(2). Multichannel RRKM-TST calculations have been carried out to calculate the individual rate constants for those channels proceed through the formation of activated adducts on the singlet surfaces. The rate constants for direct hydrogen abstraction reactions on the singlet and triplet surfaces were calculated by means of direct-dynamics canonical variational transition-state theory with small curvature approximation for the tunneling.     

Ab initio rate constants from hyperspherical quantum scattering: application to H+C2H6 and H+CH3OH

The dynamics and kinetics of the abstraction reactions of H atoms with ethane and methanol have been studied using a quantum mechanical procedure. Bonds being broken and formed are treated with explicit hyperspherical quantum dynamics. The ab initio potential energy surfaces for these reactions have been developed from a minimal number of grid points (average of 48 points) and are given by analytical functionals. All the degrees of freedom except the breaking and forming bonds are optimized using the second order perturbation theory method with a correlation consistent polarized valence triple zeta basis set. Single point energies are calculated on the optimized geometries with the coupled cluster theory and the same basis set. The reaction of H with C2H6 is endothermic by 1.5 kcal/mol and has a vibrationally adiabatic barrier of 12 kcal/mol. The reaction of H with CH3OH presents two reactive channels: the methoxy and the hydroxymethyl channels. The former is endothermic by 0.24 kcal/mol and has a vibrationally adiabatic barrier of 13.29 kcal/mol, the latter reaction is exothermic by 7.87 kcal/mol and has a vibrationally adiabatic barrier of 8.56 kcal/mol. We report state-to-state and state-selected cross sections together with state-to-state rate constants for the title reactions. Thermal rate constants for these reactions exhibit large quantum tunneling effects when compared to conventional transition state theory results. For H+CH3OH, it is found that the CH2OH product is the dominant channel, and that the CH3O channel contributes just 2% at 500 K. For both reactions, rate constants are in good agreement with some measurements.