分散聚合制备羧基化单分散聚苯乙烯交联微球

以苯乙烯(St)、丙烯酸(AA)为单体,二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,采用分散聚合和交联剂后滴加法合成了单分散羧基化交联聚苯乙烯微球。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FT-TR),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),激光粒度及Zeta电位分析仪等对微球结构进行了表征。结果表明,引发剂、分散剂用量和交联剂的加入方式对微球粒径及单分散性影响显著,当St用量为15%(wt)、DVB用量为1%(wt)、AA用量为1%(wt)、AIBN用量为2%(wt)、PVP用量为6%(wt)时所制备的微球具有良好的单分散性和球形形貌,粒径达到4μm,且微球表面带负电荷。     

微波辐照下无皂阳离子聚(St-MMA)高分子纳米粒子的制备和表征

讨论了微波辐照下 ,以丙酮 水为分散介质 ,利用阳离子型自由基引发剂偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐(AIBA)引发苯乙烯 (St)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)共聚 ,合成出表面带正电荷的P(St MMA)共聚物纳米粒子 ,考察了丙酮用量、单体和引发剂浓度对纳米粒子粒径、粒径分布和乳液稳定性的影响 .结果表明 ,丙酮 水的体积比由 0增加到 1 2 6∶1时 ,粒子的平均水化半径从 12 2 2 1nm降低到 2 4 6 8nm ,粒径分布变宽 ,乳液抗电解质稳定性逐渐增强 ;增加引发剂和共聚单体MMA的浓度 ,粒子的水化半径逐渐减小 ,粒径分散系数增大 .     

乳化剂对阳离子乳液聚合及乳胶粒性能的影响

以苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯为非离子单体,甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DMC）为阳离子单体,偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐（AIBA）为引发剂,十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）和乙撑基双（十六烷基二甲基氯化铵）（G16—2—16）为乳化剂,采用半连续种子乳液聚合法进行阳离子乳液聚合。探讨了乳化剂的分子结构和用量对反应速率、单体转化率以及乳胶粒粒径、Zeta电位等的影响。结果表明：乳化剂的用量越大,反应速率越大,单体转化率越高,而乳胶粒粒径越小;使用G16—2—16作乳化剂时,单体转化率较高,乳胶粒粒径较大,Zeta电位较高。     

一种单分散醋-丙乳液的合成与应用研究

以醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)、丙烯酸正丁酯(BA)和甲基丙烯缩水甘油酯(GMA)为共聚单体,采用预乳化-半连续种子乳液聚合的方法,合成了一类改性醋丙乳液.用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光光散射(LLS)等测定了乳胶粒的粒径、粒径分布和粒子形态,发现其粒径在120 nm左右,并呈现较好的单分散特性;Zeta电位和流变测定结果显...     

硫酸铵水溶液中丙烯酰胺与正离子单体的分散共聚研究

以硫酸铵(AS)水溶液为介质,进行丙烯酰胺(AM)与正离子单体甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)分散共聚合,制备出水溶性聚合物分散体.研究了盐浓度、分散稳定剂浓度及其分子量、单体浓度等对反应体系及分散体粒径的影响.结果表明,随着分散稳定剂的用量从6%增加到14%,分散体的平均粒径先下降,后又随之上升.分散稳定剂分子量越大,所得分散体的平均粒径越小.硫酸铵和单体的浓度对平均粒径和粒子形态等影响显著,只有在较小的范围内才能制备出粒径较均一的正离子型水溶性聚合物分散体;硫酸铵浓度越大,生成聚合物分子量越低.     

沉淀聚合法制备单分散聚(4-乙烯基吡啶-co-二乙烯基苯/三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯)聚合物微球

以4-乙烯基吡啶(4-VP)为功能单体、二乙烯基苯(DVB)和三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯(TRIM)为混合交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,乙腈为反应介质,采用沉淀聚合法制备单分散聚合物微球.考察了共聚单体、溶剂、引发剂等聚合条件对聚合物微球粒径、分散性以及产率的影响.并用扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析仪、热重分析仪和红外光谱对微球进行了表征.结果表明,聚合物微球的表面形貌和产率可通过改变溶剂体积、单体/交联剂摩尔比和引发剂浓度等因素进行控制.降低乙腈溶液体积、增加DVB摩尔比例及交联剂摩尔比、可增加聚合物粒径及粒度分布均匀性,而聚合物产率随溶剂体积和DVB摩尔比增大而减小,随交联剂摩尔比和引发剂浓度的增加而增加.在最优条件下,即DVB和TRIM两者摩尔比4∶1,单体/交联剂摩尔比1∶5,乙腈用量为5.6 m L(单体和交联剂占介质体积的7%),引发剂浓度为2 wt%~6 wt%(占总反应单体的量)时,可获得形貌规则、产率较高的单分散poly(4-VP-co-DVB/TRIM)微球,微球平均粒径约4.02μm,粒径分布指数(U)为1.013.此外,热重分析结果显示,聚合微球于350℃时开始分解,600℃时失重率达84.9%.     

无皂乳液聚合法合成阴离子PS微球及粒径控制

以苯乙烯(St)和丙烯酸(AA)为单体,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,采用无皂乳液聚合法合成了单分散阴离子聚苯乙烯(PS)微球,并对微球结构和影响单分散性的因素进行了研究。结果表明,AA单体也已共聚到聚合物链上,AA的加入使PS微球粒径减小,并赋予PS微球表面负电性;聚合反应的活化能为42.95kJ/mol,升高聚合温度提高了反应速率;随着KPS用量的增加,PS微球粒径减小,在用量为0.6%时呈现最好单分散性;随着反应介质中丙酮含量增加,聚合物在介质中溶解度增加,使PS微球粒径有所减小,但微球粒径分布有所变宽。     

可聚合乳化剂制备纳米色料的形貌及其影响因素

以α-烯烃磺酸钠(AOS)为可聚合乳化剂、苯乙烯(St)为非极性单体、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为极性单体、二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂、十六烷(HD)为助稳定剂,通过细乳液聚合法制备了聚合物包覆蒽醌类染料的纳米色料。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光粒度仪(DLS)等研究了可聚合乳化剂、极性单体和交联剂的用量对纳米色料形貌的影响。结果表明:该纳米色料具有明显的核壳结构,且乳液的稳定性好。随着乳化剂用量的增加,粒子粒径变小;少量极性单体的加入有助于得到粒径分布较窄的核壳结构纳米粒子,交联剂和单体彼此极性的差异会导致粒子表面粗糙。以St为聚合单体,当DVB的质量小于St质量的30%时,能够得到结构规整的纳米粒子,超过30%时,纳米粒子表面不再光滑。而以MMA为聚合单体,当DVB的质量为MMA的8%~30%时,粒子表面均凹凸不平。     

含不同氨基酸反相微乳体系中胆红素钙的形成与稳定性

在聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(OP)/正己醇/环己烷/水反相微乳液和甘氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸3种含不同氨基酸的反相微乳液体系中成功地制备了胆红素钙,考察了氨基酸对胆红素钙的组成、形貌、配位方式及稳定性的影响。采用透射电子显微镜、表面Zeta电位、红外光谱和紫外光谱等测试技术对样品进行了表征。结果表明,此反相微乳体系中所得球形颗粒为中性胆红素钙,平均粒径80nm,在水分散体系中颗粒的稳定性随分散体系pH值的升高而先降低后增加,当pH=4.9时,颗粒表面Zeta电位值为0。3种亲水性氨基酸的加入促进胆红素钙颗粒的成核,最终影响胆红素钙的微结构、颗粒形貌和稳定性。当加入的氨基酸为组氨酸、甘氨酸时,所得胆红素钙球形颗粒形貌无明显变化,但平均粒径依次减小至60和40nm,其水分散体系中的稳定性明显增加;当加入的氨基酸为精氨酸时,所得胆红素钙颗粒形貌不规则,粒径非常小,不稳定,易形成聚集体。     

单分散聚苯乙烯微球的制备及影响因素研究

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为分散剂，无水乙醇为反应介质，偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂，采用分散聚合工艺，通过优化反应条件，制备出了粒径为5μm单分散（分散系数≤5％）聚苯乙烯微球。所制备的聚苯乙烯微球标准偏差δ＝0．16μm，分散系数ε＝0．02，且具有良好的球形度，表面非常光滑，无破损，无缺损。对影响单分散聚苯乙烯微球的因素进行了研究，结果表明：随着分散稳定剂用量的增加，聚苯乙烯微球的粒径减小；随着单体和引发剂用量的增加，聚苯乙烯微球的粒径增大。分散稳定剂和单体用量是影响聚苯乙烯微球粒径分布的两个主要因素。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.