镍负载量对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化性能和催化剂的影响

采用稳态实验对镍负载量对Ni/MgO催化剂在乙醇水蒸气重整反应的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在101.3kPa下，镍负载量越高，催化剂的活性越高。对于催化剂的选择性，存在一个最佳镍负载量为10%Ni/MgO。按选择性从大到小排序，不同镍负载量的催化剂为：10Ni/MgO>15Ni/MgO>12.5Ni/MgO>7.5Ni/MgO≈5Ni/MgO。热分析表明，焙烧过程中不同镍负载量的催化剂镍前体与载体前体之间发生的相互作用不同。XRD和TPR 表征结果显示，催化剂的晶体结构和还原特性也与催化剂上镍的负载量有关。焙烧过程中样品10Ni/MgO上镍前体与载体前体发生了两种相互作用, 并且其氧化态与其他催化剂相比具有特殊的结构和还原性。说明催化剂的选择性不仅受活性相Ni的影响而且受Ni活性相周围环境的影响。     

Phase composition of an aluminum-nickel-molybdenum catalyst prepared from a nickel-molybdenum complex

Electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and derivatographic analysis have been used to study the influence of the calcination temperature on the phase composition of catalysts obtained from a nickel-molybdenum complex applied to aluminum oxide. It has been established that the catalysts represent a system composed of the nickel molybdate and aluminate, and of their conversion products, formed in the reduction process.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 489–492, July–August, 1987.     

Investigation of Fe−Ni Mixed‐Oxide Catalysts for the Reduction of NO by CO: Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Performance

A series of Fe?Ni mixed‐oxide catalysts were synthesized by using the sol–gel method for the reduction of NO by CO. These Fe?Ni mixed‐oxide catalysts exhibited tremendously enhanced catalytic performance compared to monometallic catalysts that were prepared by using the same method. The effects of Fe/Ni molar ratio and calcination temperature on the catalytic activity were examined and the physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, N₂‐adsorption/‐desorption isotherms, temperature‐programmed reduction with hydrogen (H₂‐TPR), temperature‐programmed desorption of nitric oxide (NO‐TPD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the reduction behavior, surface oxygen species, and surface chemical valence states of iron and nickel in the catalysts were the key factors in the NO elimination. Fe_0.5Ni_0.5O_x that was calcined at 250 °C exhibited excellent catalytic activity of 100 % NO conversion at 130 °C and a lifetime of more than 40 hours. A plausible mechanism for the reduction of NO by CO over the Fe?Ni mixed‐oxide catalysts is proposed, based on XPS and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analyses.     

还原方式及还原温度对甲烷部分氧化镍催化剂结构和反应性能的影响

采用H2 TPR、TEM及活性评价等手段,考察了还原方式（等温和程序升温还原）及还原温度对不同温度（550℃和950℃）焙烧制备的镍基催化剂结构和甲烷部分氧化反应性能的影响。结果表明,与程序升温还原方式相比,等温还原的催化剂中镍物种的还原度较低、Ni晶粒度较小。还原方式对550℃焙烧制备的催化剂（POM-1）的甲烷部分氧化反应性能影响不明显,但等温还原的催化剂反应过程中床层温度较低。随着等温还原温度的提高,POM-1催化剂的镍还原度有所降低,而950℃焙烧制备的催化剂（POM-5）还原度略有增加,且具有较小的镍晶粒。随着等温还原温度的提高,POM-1催化剂反应性能无明显差异,但床层热点温度提高;POM-5催化剂反应性能随还原温度的提高而提高,且床层温度呈现降低趋势。通过分析发现,催化剂床层温度与催化剂镍晶粒大小密切相关,较小的镍晶粒利于床层热点温度的降低,这与较大镍晶粒利于甲烷完全氧化反应有关。     

Activation of nickel–chromium hydrogenation catalysts with hydrogen

The kinetics of the reduction of nickel cations in nickel oxide and nickel–chromium catalysts whose oxide precursors have different structures has been investigated by thermal analysis. The reduction of nickel oxide with a hydrogen-containing gas takes place at 250–330°C. The apparent activation energy of this reaction is about 88 kJ/mol. The introduction of up to 30 at % chromium cations into the nickel oxide structure shifts the reduction temperature of nickel in the oxide phase to 300–450°C and increases the apparent activation energy of the reduction of nickel cations to ～108 kJ/mol. The introduction of 67 at % chromium into nickel oxide results in the formation of an oxide precursor with a spinel structure. The apparent activation energy of the reduction of nickel cations in this spinel is about 163 kJ/mol. The results of this study can be used in optimizing the composition of Ni-containing hydrogenation catalysts and their activation and operation conditions.     

Reinforced nickel and nickel-platinum catalysts for performing the thermally coupled reactions of methane steam reforming and hydrogen oxidation

The formation of composite nickel and nickel-platinum catalysts reinforced with steel gauze was studied. The catalysts were prepared by sintering powdered nickel metal and a supported nickel catalyst (GIAP-3 or NIAP-18) with a chromium oxide additive in the case of nickel-containing composite catalysts or by sintering powdered nickel, aluminum, and a supported platinum catalyst in the case of catalysts containing nickel-platinum. With the use of electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and X-ray electron probe microanalysis, it was found that a metal matrix, in the pores of which supported catalyst particles were distributed, was formed in the composite catalysts. The reinforced nickel catalysts prepared were active in the reaction of methane steam reforming, and the catalysts containing nickel-platinum were active in the reaction of hydrogen oxidation. An increase in the activity of reinforced nickel catalysts in the course of the reaction was found. It is believed that the increase of the activity was due to the reduction of nickel oxide from an inactive difficult-to-reduce oxide film containing nickel and chromium oxides under the action of the reaction atmosphere.     

焙烧温度对NiO/δ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

应用ＸＲＤ,ＴＰＲ,Ｈ２－ＴＰＤ技术研究焙烧温度对ＮｉＯ／δ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的增高,ＮｉＯ与载体Ａｌ２Ｏ３之间相互作用逐渐增强,直至最后生成ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ４尖晶石。同时表明,随着焙烧温度的提高,催化剂的还原温度明显增高。另外,ＴＰＲ结果还表明ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ４仅仅是与载体发生强相互作用的那部分ＮｉＯ进一步进入Ａｌ２Ｏ３晶格的结果,而游离态的ＮｉＯ不参与形成ＮｉＡｌ２Ｏ     

MOR负载的自还原型双功能催化剂用于催化纤维素氢解制乙二醇的研究

以丝光沸石分子筛(MOR)为载体,以高温生物碳源分解产物H2或CO为还原剂,采用等体积浸渍法制备自还原型双功能催化剂Ni-W/MOR,不经过还原过程直接将其应用于纤维素水相氢解制备低碳乙二醇的研究。考察了催化剂的煅烧温度、活性金属含量配比对纤维素转化率和目标产物收率的影响。结果表明,催化剂的煅烧温度在773 K为宜;XRD表征结果说明,催化剂中活性金属结晶度和晶体的种类与催化剂的配比有关;TEM照片可直观地说明,采用上述方法制备的催化剂中活性金属在载体上具有较好的分散性,粒径均小于20 nm。当Ni、W含量分别为10%和15%,煅烧温度为773 K,反应条件为513 K、5.0 M Pa、2 h时低碳多元醇总收率为56.92%,其中,乙二醇收率为52.30%。     

负载金催化剂上CO氧化反应活性与金属氧化物载体中金属-氧结合能之间的关系

讨论了金属氧化物载体(MOx)对其负载纳米金催化剂(Au/MOx)上CO氧化反应的影响。采用典型的共沉淀法和沉积-沉淀法在完全相同的焙烧条件下制备了一系列MOx负载金催化剂,以CO氧化转化50%时的反应温度(T1/2)定量评价了MOx载体和Au/MOx催化剂的催化活性。进一步将MOx载体与相应Au/MOx催化剂的T1/2值之差对MOx载体的金属-氧结合能做曲线进行关联,发现二者呈明显的火山型关系。这一结果表明,采用具有适当金属-氧结合能(300–500 atom O)的MOx可大大提高沉积于其上的Au纳米颗粒的催化活性。     

焙烧条件对金催化剂的结构及其催化CO氧化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和金属有机配合物固载法,分别制备了负载型金催化剂,并考察了焙烧条件对其催化CO氧化性能的影响。实验结果表明,焙烧温度和时间对催化剂的结构和活性的影响显著,不同的金属氧化物负载的金催化剂具有不同的最佳焙烧温度。DTA-TG分析结果确定了催化剂稳定结构的形成温度;XRD测试结果显示,在最佳焙烧条件下得到的催化剂,其载体为具有一定结晶度的金属氧化物。     

NiO/LaMnO3催化剂用于乙醇水蒸气重整反应

采用柠檬酸络合-浸渍法制备了NiO/LaMnO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂并将其应用于乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应, 考察了NiO含量、焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响, 采用XRD、TPR和热分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 该催化剂具有高活性、高选择性和良好的稳定性. 催化剂中的NiO含量和焙烧温度对催化性能有显著影响. 在原料气体积组成为20%(体积分数, φ) C2H5OH 和水以及80%(φ)N2, 其中水醇摩尔比为3:1, 空速为80000 mL·h-1·g-1 cat, 反应温度为400 ℃时, 15%(质量分数, w)的NiO/LaMnO3上, 乙醇转化率接近100%. 关联催化剂活性和TPR及XRD实验结果, 发现催化剂的高活性源于由催化剂前驱体中进入钙钛矿型复合氧化物晶格中的镍离子被还原所得的金属镍.     

Effect of thermal treatments on surface chemical distribution and catalyst activity in nickel on silica systems

The reducibility of several nickel on silica systems prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and precipitation-deposition has been studied using TPR and TG. The analysis of the results has allowed us to determine the minimum drying and reduction temperatures for both impregnation and precipitation catalysts. From an analysis of the obtained results, together with X-ray diffraction and the study of the reduction degree, dispersion and nickel particle size of catalysts activated at different reduction temperatures, conclusions on the nickel surface chemical distribution have been derived. An optimal reduction temperature for the catalysts has been determined from activity considerations in the hydrogenation of sunflower seed oil.     

The use of alumatrane for the preparation of high‐surface‐area nickel aluminate and its activity for CO oxidation

Supported nickel has been used in a wide range of applications for industrial reactions, such as steam reforming, hydrogenation and methanation. In this work, nickel aluminate was prepared by the sol–gel process using alumatrane as the alkoxide precursor, directly synthesized from the reaction of inexpensive and available compounds, aluminum hydroxide and TIS (triisopropanolamine) via the oxide one pot synthesis (OOPS) process. Various conditions of the sol–gel process, such as pH, calcination temperature, hydrolysis ratio and ratio of nickel to aluminum, were studied. All samples were characterized using FTIR, TGA, XRD, TPR, DR‐UV and BET. The BET surface area was in the range of 340–450 m²/g at the calcination temperature of 500 °C with a mesoporous pore size distribution. Catalyst activity testing in CO oxidation reaction depended on Ni:Al ratio and calcination temperature. Higher activity was obtained from higher Ni content and lower calcination temperature. In addition, catalysts prepared using alumatrane precursor had higher percentage conversion than those prepared using aluminum hydroxide precursor. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of Fe2O3/SiO2 catalysts for oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

The effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of supported iron oxide catalysts for hydrogen sulfide oxidation prepared by impregnation of silica with iron(III) nitrate has been studied. An increase in the calcination temperature was found to diminish the catalytic activity of the Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts in hydrogen sulfide oxidation. This behavior can be explained by the agglomeration of iron oxide particles and by a decrease in the surface concentration of active sites. It has been shown that an increase in the calcination temperature makes the catalyst more stable towards the sulfidation of the active component (Fe₂O₃) to the iron disulfide phase.     

预处理条件对用于CO_2加氢的超细CuO－ZnO－SiO_2催化剂性能的影响

采用ＸＲＤ、ＢＥＴ、ＴＰＲ手段，研究了焙烧和还原温度对超细ＣｕＯ－ＺｎＯ－ＳｉＯ２催化剂的性质及其ＣＯ２加氢反应催化活性的影响．胶体在５７３－７７３Ｋ范围内焙烧生成ＣｕＯ、Ｃｕ２Ｏ、ＺｎＯ晶相，随着焙烧温度继续升高，ＣｕＯ和ＺｎＯ晶粒逐渐变大，但催化剂的比表面积和孔容变化很小．在９７３Ｋ焙烧后出现Ｚｎ２ＳｉＯ４晶相，使催化剂比表积和孔容变小，导致催化剂活性降低．焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响大于对ＣＯ２加氢产物分布的影响．在５４８－６４８Ｋ范围内，催化剂还原温度对其催化活性影响不大．７０３Ｋ高温还原后，可能由于Ｃｕ０晶粒的出现，使得催化剂的活性下降．ＴＰＲ研究结果进一步表明，焙烧温度影响ＣｕＯ同ＺｎＯ、ＳｉＯ２之间的相互作用和催化剂的还原行为．     

焙烧温度对甲烷催化部分氧化Ni/MgO-Al2O3催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用TPR、BET、XRD、TG及反应性能评价等研究方法,考察了焙烧温度对甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气Ni/MgO-Al2O3催化剂结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明,随焙烧温度的升高, Ni/MgO-Al2O3中的镍物种与载体作用逐渐增强,生成了NiAl2O4尖晶石和NiMgO2固熔体。虽然焙烧温度提高会使催化剂比表面降低,由于尖晶石结构的形成,其热稳定性会明显提高,将有利于抑制催化剂在反应过程中因烧结而失活的可能性。与低温焙烧的催化剂相比,高温焙烧的催化剂仍表现出良好催化反应性能,并具有相对较好的稳定性。高温焙烧的催化剂在反应过程中床层的热点温度相对较低,热点温度波动幅度也较小。低温和高温焙烧的Ni/MgO-Al2O3催化剂在常压、1 083 K、CH4与O2摩尔比为1.8、空速2.66×105 h－1的反应条件下均具有良好的抗积炭性能。     

焙烧温度对Fe-Mn催化剂结构和F-T合成性能影响

研究了焙烧温度对Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)合成Fe-Mn催化剂的织构性质、还原行为以及在还原和反应过程中结构变化的影响；在H2/CO=2.0、260 ℃、2.5 MPa和1 000 h－1条件下在固定床反应器上考察了焙烧温度对Fe-Mn催化剂F-T合成反应活性、烃产物选择性和运行稳定性的影响。XRD和TPR结果表明，随着焙烧温度的升高，催化剂中α-Fe2O3晶粒增大，催化剂比表面积降低，促进Mn3+渗入α-Fe2O3晶格中，形成了铁锰固溶体物相，使得催化剂难于还原，当焙烧温度升高到700 ℃时，催化剂中的α-Mn2O3相完全消失。催化剂F-T合成反应评价表明，在不降低催化剂活性的同时，焙烧温度的升高可显著地提高催化剂的反应运行稳定性，并促使烃产物分布向高碳数方向偏移；600 ℃焙烧的Fe-Mn催化剂运行200 h，总体活性高，失活速率较低，对低碳烯烃和中间馏分油段产物选择性好。     

焙烧温度对含Mg助剂的铁基催化剂F-T合成反应性能的影响

采用连续共沉淀和喷雾干燥技术相结合的方法制备了Mg助剂的Fe/Cu/K/SiO2催化剂,采用N2物理吸附、XRD、MES 和H2-TPR等表征手段,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂比表面积、体相结构和还原性能的影响。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积降低,平均孔径增大,体相中α-Fe2O3晶粒逐渐增大,催化剂变的越来越难还原,其结构更加稳定。在H2/CO （摩尔比）= 2.2、250 ℃、2.0 MPa和2 000 h－1于固定床反应器考察了焙烧温度对该催化剂F-T合成反应性能的影响,结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的F-T合成反应活性降低,在运行过程中反应活性逐渐增加直至达到平稳,但达到平稳所需的诱导期越来越长;提高焙烧温度使烃产物分布向重质烃方向转移,有利于降低CH4的选择性,促进重质烃的生成。     

CeO2-Al2O3负载金催化剂用于水煤气变换反应的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积 沉淀法制备了CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,比较了复合氧化物负载纳米金催化剂对水煤气变换反应的催化活性。通过N2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、H₂-TPR等表征手段对复合氧化物及其负载金催化剂的物相和结构进行分析,发现复合氧化物的制备方法及其焙烧温度对其比表面积、孔结构及水煤气变换反应活性有明显的影响。与沉积 沉淀法相比,浸渍法制备的CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物具有较大的CeO₂晶粒尺寸,经500℃焙烧后再负载金,所得催化剂具有更高的活性,250℃时CO转化率可达78.1%。     

Cu-Ni-Al尖晶石催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的研究

以氢氧化铜、醋酸镍和拟薄水铝石为原料,通过固相法合成了Cu-Ni-Al尖晶石催化剂。采用N2物理吸附、XRD、H2-TPR和XPS等表征方法,研究Cu/Ni/Al的物质的量比和焙烧温度对催化剂的比表面积、物相、还原性能以及表面性质的影响,并以甲醇水蒸气重整制氢为探针反应,考察催化剂的缓释催化性能。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,Cu-Ni-Al催化剂的尖晶石含量增加,但尖晶石晶粒增大,且比表面积下降。不同的焙烧温度和Cu/Ni/Al物质的量比,所得催化剂的比表面积、还原性能和表面性质不同,从而表现出不同的缓释催化性能。与计量比Cu/Al=1∶2的合成比较,Cu/Al=1∶3形成了非计量比的富Al尖晶石固溶体,生成的晶体粒子小、比表面积和孔容大、难还原的尖晶石部分增多,呈现出更好的缓释催化性能。甲醇制氢反应性能评价结果显示,Cu-Ni-Al尖晶石在反应条件下逐渐释放活性铜而催化反应的进行,其中,CNA3-1000催化剂表现中最高的催化活性和稳定性。