600 kV波形可调快前沿脉冲源的研制

 介绍了一种波形可调的高电压快前沿脉冲源。该脉冲源由Marx发生器、脉冲成型组件、主开关、匹配负载、分流电阻、串联电感等部件构成。各部件自成一体,呈模块化分布。以Marx发生器作为初级储能,通过调节发生器输出端分流电阻、串联电感及脉冲成型组件等模块,可以输出包括双指数波和方波在内的5种脉冲波形。输出脉冲幅值在200~600 kV范围内可调,最小脉冲前沿可达2 ns。     

紧凑型重复频率快前沿Marx发生器研究北大核心CSCD

设计一种紧凑型重复频率快前沿Marx发生器,采用3.3nF陶瓷电容器作为储能电容,螺旋形空芯电感作为充电电感,通过各级气体火花开关迅速放电在负载上建立了陡化前沿的输出电压波形。将电容器、气体开关、充电及隔离电感设计为同轴一体化结构,整个Marx发生器放置在一个密封的金属圆筒内,通过充氮气或者六氟化硫气体来绝缘。在考虑开关电极分散电容、回路电感等因素基础上,利用自击穿火花开关模型建立了等效放电电路模型,并利用PSpice电路模拟软件进行了数值模拟。在理论分析的基础上,通过优化电路结构,完成了12级Marx发生器的设计与研制。在50Ω电阻负载上获得了电压150kV、脉宽30ns、上升时间10ns的脉冲波形,Marx发生器可60Hz重复频率运行,与模拟结果基本一致。     

单线串联形成三脉冲实验研究

 介绍了单传输线型高压脉冲形成线的基本原理,将三套单线通过高性能开关串联即可形成所需的三脉冲。实验中,采用一台300 kV Marx发生器作为三套单线系统的高压源,形成线与传输线均为同轴电缆,开关为同轴场畸变型开关,负载为硫酸铜水电阻。得到的三脉冲前沿约20 ns,间隔约为300 ns,脉宽约120 ns。由于Marx发生器输出信号的触发时刻不同,导致脉冲幅度有较大的差异,对此提出改善实验结果的设想：加大Marx对形成线的充电电感以减小三脉冲基线的偏移;设计并试验新的V/N型开关,提高开关的加工精度;各脉冲形成线配有各自独立的Marx充电系统以使各脉冲单独可调。     

1MV小型重复频率Marx发生器研制

设计了MV级小型重复频率Marx发生器,简化了发生器充放电回路,减小了能量损失;分析了隔离电感变化时对发生器输出脉冲电压波形的影响,减小了隔离电感体积,提高了隔离有效性;优化了开关腔体结构,实现了间距连续可调,且受外围结构的变化或振动影响,13个开关间隙置于同一垂线上,火花放电时产生的紫外线或射线相互照射,加速了开关导通,减小了Marx发生器输出电压抖动。塑壳电容降压使用,提高了发生器的可靠性;通过Pspice模拟和三维静电场分析,实现了发生器小型化,整个Marx发生器放置在一个密封纯净SF6气体的金属圆筒内,体积小于0.25m3。优化设计和实验研究,发生器在高阻负载上输出峰值1.02MV、前沿约30ns的高压脉冲,发生器储能290J,电压幅度抖动约10%,前沿抖动小于10ns,可实现重复频率20Hz稳定运行。     

500 kV全固态Marx发生器

500 kV全固态Marx发生器采用Z型电路结构,以28个最大工作电压达22 kV、满载最高连续重复运行频率达200 Hz的绝缘栅双极型晶体管组件作为脉冲控制开关,采用以金属化膜电容器和线绕电感构成的梯形脉冲形成网络作为储能和脉冲形成器件。目前已实现500 kV脉冲输出,在50 Hz的重复频率下实现数十个脉冲的猝发输出。该发生器的输出脉冲电压峰值与已有文献报道的最高功率固态Marx发生器技术指标相近,输出脉冲电流峰值提高1倍,达到1000 A,发生器输出脉冲功率峰值达到500 MW。在采用电容器作为储能元件时,此Marx发生器输出脉冲宽度可在3～10 s范围内连续调整。     

雪崩三极管串联的纳秒脉冲发生器

雪崩三极管因其快速性、高重复频率等特点被广泛应用于纳秒脉冲发生器。为了提高输出电压,常采用多管串联Marx电路。采用二极管代替传统多管串联Marx电路中的部分限流电阻以减少能量损耗,加快充电速度,提高重复频率,并分析了主电容和限流电阻对输出脉冲幅值和频率的影响。通过雪崩三极管的单管击穿实验,单个三极管的导通内阻最小约为2.5 Ω,多管串联Marx电路中的等效内阻使负载侧的输出电压降低,故采用多路Marx并联电路以提高输出电压幅值。通过改变Marx并联模块数量,研究了电路等效内阻对输出脉冲的影响;通过改变负载电阻值,验证了Marx并联电路在小负载下升压效果更佳。实验结果表明,通过相同的4路Marx并联电路进行放电实验,在50 Ω负载侧输出上升沿为3.4 ns、幅值为2.5 kV、可在15 kHz下稳定工作的脉冲。     

高功率紧凑型重频快Marx脉冲驱动源

基于快Marx发生器技术路线,研制了一套具有高功率密度的低阻抗紧凑型重频脉冲驱动源。采用18级Marx发生器电路结构,每级由1只60 nF/100 kV脉冲电容器、1个气体开关及隔离电感构成,每两级构成一个模块,整体采用SF6气体绝缘,储能密度达到25.7 kJ/m3;采取开放式气体开关,其中两级为触发开关,其余为过电压自击穿开关;触发源采用小型化Marx电路及绝缘胶真空灌封设计。实验中脉冲驱动源单次工作时在约18 阻抗负载上输出电压达到765 kV、脉宽约160 ns、前沿约50 ns,功率密度达到157 GW/m3;受充电电源功率限制,重复频率5 Hz充电70 kV,连续5脉冲输出功率约17 GW,脉冲波形重复性较好。     

重复频率低阻抗紧凑Marx脉冲功率源

为了实现重频脉冲功率源小型化,研制了基于快Marx发生器的紧凑型重频低阻抗脉冲功率源。采用大功率重频高压电源对Marx发生器充电,通过对充电电源和脉冲触发源的同步控制,实现对Marx发生器重频充电;Marx发生器中采用薄膜脉冲电容器、小型化气体开关、电感隔离以及SF₆气体绝缘等设计,以8级紧凑Marx发生器进行验证性研究,在16 Ω阻抗负载上实现了重复频率10 Hz、脉宽150 ns、峰值电压大于400 kV连续多脉冲输出;在此基础上,设计了18级紧凑型Marx发生器,在约18 Ω阻抗负载上输出功率达到33 GW,峰值功率密度大于150 GW/m3,实现重复频率5 Hz、脉宽约160 ns、峰值电压大于600 kV的连续多脉冲输出。为了降低Marx发生器的输出阻抗,采用4台电容器并联作为Marx发生器的一级储能模块,研制了同轴紧凑Marx脉冲功率源,有效减小放电回路电感,实现12 Ω低阻抗负载近似匹配输出,前沿减小至50 ns以下,脉宽约130 ns。     

150 kV全固态高压脉冲发生器设计

设计了一种基于全固态MOSFET半导体开关器件的Marx脉冲发生器。充电回路用快恢复二极管代替充电电阻,减小了充电部分功率损耗;将主电路和驱动电路集成在一起,采用自取电模式给驱动电路供电;由光纤传输驱动信号,抑制了放电回路对触发信号的干扰;采用顺/逆时针方向环形分布的紧凑型拓扑结构,不仅减小了回路电感,而且实现了脉冲发生器的小型化与模块化。所设计的Marx发生器充电部分仅需提供900 V低压,用180级单元串联,获得最高幅值为150 kV、脉宽1~5 s可调的高压快脉冲,前沿控制在500 ns以内。利用该脉冲发生器在50 k电阻和5 pF电容并联的等效负载上进行了一系列实验;比较分析了脉冲发生器工作过程中影响脉冲上升沿的几个主要因素,包括回路电感、MOSFET驱动电压及主回路分布电容等,并讨论了提升脉冲前沿的技术措施。     

陡化前沿Marx发生器的重频运行研究

 将10级陡化前沿Marx发生器由电阻隔离型改造成为电感隔离型,以便对其开展重频特性研究。通过恒压源充电的单次实验发现,发生器在氮气(N₂)中工作时,两种隔离方式的输出脉冲波形基本一致,然而在六氟化硫(SF₆)气体中工作时,电感隔离型相对于电阻隔离型的输出脉冲前沿较慢;对其原因做出了初步分析。在利用恒流充电装置充电的重频实验过程中,通过采用提高充电电流的方法,解决了发生器恒流充电时的充电脉动问题,进而开展了重复频率运行实验研究。实验结果表明,在不对开关进行吹气的情况下,当充电30 kV时,发生器可以在8.2 Hz的重频下稳定工作,输出脉冲的重叠一致性比较好,输出电压约为150 kV,电流约为1.8 kA,脉冲前沿为十几ns。     

Side-pumped crystalline Raman laser

A crystalline Raman laser is pumped at 90° to the Raman laser axis by a single pass from a line-focused 532 nm pump laser of pulse duration 10 ns. The Raman laser threshold was 6.1 mJ, and at 12 mJ pump energy, a maximum output energy of 2.7 mJ was obtained with a slope efficiency of 46%. The threshold pump intensity is within a factor of 2 of the same device when end-pumped. The results highlight significant potential for coherent beam conversion and combination with enhanced degrees of flexibility and increased power.     

8.9-W continuous-wave, diode-end-pumped all-solid-state Nd:YVO4 laser operating at 914 nm

A high power laser-diode-array end-pumped 0.2 at % Nd:YVO₄ continuous-wave (CW) laser operating at 914 nm is reported in this letter. The maximum output power of 8.9 W was obtained at the incident pump power of 48.0 W, giving the corresponding optical efficiency of 18.5% and the average slope efficiency of 25.7%. The beam quality factor was measured to be M ² = 2.71 at the output power of 8.0 W by the traveling knife-edge method.     

kW级光纤耦合输出二极管激光器模块

基于二极管激光器mini-bar的光纤耦合方式是一种降低耦合系统成本并提高整体转换效率的方法, 为此,采用40片封装在铜微通道冷却器上的连续60 W二极管激光器mini-bar组成空间叠加阵列,作为耦合光源,采用非球面柱透镜及柱透镜阵列对mini-bar叠阵进行了快轴与慢轴的准直,实现了两列叠阵的激光束沿快轴方向的空间合成以提高叠阵激光束的填充因子,合成后的激光束可以耦合进入芯径为800 m、数值孔径为0.22的光纤。测试结果表明,光纤耦合模块输出功率最高为1360 W,整体光光效率58%,光纤端面的功率密度达到1.73105 W/cm2。     

Design and experimental operation of a 165-GHz, 1.5-MW,coaxial-cavity gyrotron with axial RF output

The development of a coaxial-cavity gyrotron operating in TE_31,17 mode at 165 GHz is presented. The selection of the operating frequency and mode are based on the limitations imposed by the maximum held of the superconducting (sc) magnet at Forschungzentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technische Physik (FZK), the use of the inverse-magnetron injection gun (IMIG) of the 140-GHz, TE_28,16 coaxial gyrotron and the possibility of transforming the cavity mode to a whispering gallery mode (WGM) appropriate for the dual-beam quasioptical (q.o.) output coupler and the two output windows, which are foreseen for the next lateral output version of the tube. The tube with axial output has been tested at FZK to deliver maximum output power of 1.17 MW in the designed TE_31,17 mode with 26.7% efficiency at 164.98 GHz. Maximum efficiency of 28.2% was achieved at 0.9-MW output power. The design operating point with output power 1.36 MW and 36.7% efficiency was net accessible because of beam instabilities at high electron-velocity ratio α, presumably caused due to high electron-velocity spread. Power at higher frequencies was also detected: 1.02 MW at 167.16 GHz in TE_32,17 mode with 26.88 efficiency, 0.63 MW at 169.46 GHz in TE_33,17 mode with 18% efficiency, and 0.35 MW at 171.80 GHz in TE_31,17 mode with 13.3% efficiency     

室温下光纤耦合二极管泵浦Tm:YAP激光器

 为实现室温下小型化、高效率的1.9 mm激光输出,采用793.5 nm激光二极管泵浦Tm:YAP晶体，晶体采用热电制冷及风冷的方式控制在18 ℃，采用1∶1的聚焦耦系统，获得功率为2.2 W、中心波长为1 928 nm的激光输出，光光转换效率为31%，斜率效率达41%。对影响激光输出的耦合输出率、腔型、腔长、晶体工作温度等因素进行了实验分析，实验结果表明：输出功率的变化与温度基本成线性关系,当增加激光谐振腔长时，由于高阶模式损耗加大以及晶体热透镜效应的加重导致腔内损耗加大，输出功率和斜率效率都有所下降。     

基于mini-bar的光纤耦合实验研究

基于mini-bar的光纤耦合是一种进一步提高二极管激光器光纤耦合系统出光亮度的有效方法。本文对Osram公司的一款连续60 W mini-bar的发光特性进行了实验研究,选用的mini-bar在工作电流60 A时输出功率60 W,电光转换效率最大为60%,中心波长973.7 nm,慢轴发散角为9.3（1/e2）。分析了其慢轴准直的特性,了解慢轴准直透镜的选择原则。器件准直后的慢轴发散角为47.6 mrad。通过对光束参量积的计算了解到mini-bar的光束可以直接耦合进入600 m的光纤,并进行了单片mini-bar的耦合实验,得到准直系统与耦合透镜组的传输效率为83%~85%,光纤的耦合效率为86%~93%,整个系统的光光效率大于72%。     

Multilevel phase-type diffractive lenses in silica glass induced by filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses

Multilevel phase-type diffractive lenses were fabricated by translating a filament of a femtosecond laser pulse into three-dimensional space inside synthesized silica. The profile of the lenses was designed by use of a multi-level approximation to a kinoform lens. Two-level diffractive lenses with multiple layers along the optical axis provided a maximum efficiency of 37.6% at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. A four-level diffractive lens provided a maximum efficiency of 56.9%. The lenses fabricated with filamentation were free from birefringence.     

1240 nm diamond Raman laser operating near the quantum limit

An external-cavity diamond Raman laser generating up to 2.0 W at 1240 nm from 3.3 W of 1064 nm pump power is investigated as a function of pump polarization direction. The maximum conversion efficiency was 61%, and the slope efficiency of 84% closely approaches the quantum limit of 85.8%. The lowest threshold for Raman lasing is achieved for pump polarization parallel to the <111> axis, which we show is consistent with theory.     

High-power diode-pumped fiber laser operating at 3 μm

A high-power diode-cladding-pumped Ho3?-doped fluoride glass fiber laser operating in cascade mode is demonstrated. The ?I?→?I? and ?I?→?I? laser transitions produced 0.77 W at a measured slope efficiency of 12.4% and 0.24 W at a measured slope efficiency of 5.2%, respectively. Using a long fiber length, which forced a large threshold for the ?I?→?I? transition, a wavelength of 3.002 μm was measured at maximum output power, making this system the first watt-level fiber laser operating in the mid-IR.     

LD-pumped high repetition rate Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser by using La3Ga5SiO14 single crystal electro-optic modulator

A diode-end-pumped electro-optic (EO) Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser operating at repetition rate of 10 kpps (pulses per second) was reported. A block of La3Ga5SiO14 (LGS) single crystal was used as a Q-switch and the driver was a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOS-FET) pulser of high repetition rate and high voltage. At continuous wave (CW) operation, the slope efficiency of the laser was 46%, and maximum optical-to-optical efficiency was 38.5%. Using an output coupler with transmission of 70%, a 10-kpps Q-switched pulse train with 0.4-mJ monopulse energy and 8.2-ns pulse width was achieved, the optical conversion efficiency was around 15%, and the beam quality M2 factor was less than 1.2.