凝胶渗透色谱仪试制成功

凝胶渗透色谱法是六十年代中期出现的一种快速的高聚物分子量分布的测定方法,它本质上是一种新型的柱色谱分离手段,可以根据溶液组份的分子尺寸大小的差别来进行分离,这就使原来某些较难解决的分离问题,得到了解决。最明显的一个例子就是高分子的分子量分布测定问题。高聚物的分子量分布是一个决定加工和使用性能的重要指标,过去没有一个实用的快速测定方法,凝胶色谱法的出现就提供了一个较满意的快速测定方法。由于凝胶色谱的独特性质,它已在石油化工、高分子工业、医药工业、生物化学等领域得到广泛的应用。随着我国石油化工的迅速发展,高分子工业的生     

混合溶剂作淋洗剂的体积排除色谱谱图中溶剂化高分子峰和溶剂峰之间内在关系的理论分析

根据体积排除色谱(SEC)研究高分子溶质优先溶剂化的基本原理,证明在SEC色谱图中被束缚溶剂产生的面积与自由溶剂产生的面积大小相等方向相反,在研究优先溶剂化时从高分子峰入手和从自由溶剂峰入手在理论上具有等价性.分析表明,通过对溶剂化高分子峰的研究,还可以得到另一个重要物理参数——恒化学位时高分子溶液的折光指数增量.     

混合溶剂中高分子的尺寸

三元体系(高聚物／混合溶剂)性质不能简单地直接从相应的两种二元体系(高聚物／单一溶剂)性质来推演，混合溶剂中排除体积效应往往不是两种单一溶剂中排除体积效应的加权平均。高分子的尺寸除了与单一溶剂一高分子间的相互作用有关外。还受到两种溶剂间的相互作用、高分子的自缔合趋势的影响。在不同的θ溶刺中高分子的无扰尺寸往往不同。两种溶剂间的相互作用是重要的影响因素之一。     

体积排阻色谱法测定胸腺肽分子量校准曲线条件的优化

在体积排阻色谱(SEC)法测定胸腺肽分子量校准曲线过程中,流动相中乙腈的比例对核糖核酸酶A、人胰岛素、胸腺肽α1和生长激素释放抑制因子4种蛋白的保留时间有重要影响,进而影响校准曲线的线性关系。当乙腈比例为75%时,胸腺肽分子量校准曲线线性最好,此时分子量校准方程为y=-3.138 6x+21.724,线性相关系数r2=0.988 5。4种蛋白的理论塔板数在45 783～63 345之间,拖尾因子在0.96～1.18之间,分离度在3.52～8.82之间。SEC法测定胸腺肽分子量校准曲线的液相色谱条件对4种蛋白的分离效果优异,分子量校准曲线线性良好,可用于胸腺肽制剂中高分子量物质的检测。     

定量体积排除色谱测定高分子双水相系统的组成和分子量分布

利用定量体积排除色谱研究葡聚糖-聚乙二醇双水相系统相分离后上下两相中2种高分子组分的含量、分子量和分子量分布.由定量体积排除色谱法得到的两相组成(即系线端点)与用浊点滴定法得到的浊点曲线几乎完全重合,二者仅在靠近临界点的聚乙二醇富集相有一定偏差.同时,利用体积排除色谱测得两相中葡聚糖和聚乙二醇的分子量和分子量分布.结果表明,由系线端点得到的体系两相共存线与浊点曲线的偏差是由于相分离过程中,不同分子量的高分子组分在两相的非均匀分配造成的.聚乙二醇分子量分布较窄,发生相分离后,在两相的分子量和分子量分布相差不大.而葡聚糖分子量分布较宽,在相分离后两相中的分子量和分子量分布具有较大差异,即葡聚糖组分在葡聚糖富集相中的分子量显著高于其在聚乙二醇富集相中的分子量.随着葡聚糖-聚乙二醇体系初始浓度的增加,两相中葡聚糖的分子量差异变大.定量体积排除色谱可以准确得到高分子双水相系统的相平衡数据及两相中2组分的分子量和分子量分布信息,其结果不仅为深入理解葡聚糖-聚乙二醇-水三元溶液的相平衡提供基础,而且为双水相系统在萃取分离中的应用提供理论指导.     

填充毛细管液相色谱-高温毛细管气相色谱在线联用分析重油

重油的组成分析一直是个难题,它的沸点高,族组分种类多,各族内组分的异构体又极为繁多.最好的分析方法是用高效液相色谱(HPLC)做族分离,馏分收集后再用CGC分析.但HPLC的族馏分体积比CGC进样量大100倍.本文采用填充毛细管液相色谱(μHPLC)与高温毛细管气相色谱(HTGC)在线联用技术[1]分析重油.正相μHPLC将样品按族分离,μHPLC的柱效高,族分离能力强,而小的馏分体积(<100μL)可避免GC分流进样.在一次LC进样后,多位储存型联用接口将分离后的各族组分切割、存储并分别无损失转入HTGC分析,利用FID对高于C10的有机物的响应值相…     

高聚物的分子量和分子量分布

引言高聚物最明显的特点是它的分子量大,一般比小分子化合物的分子量大2到5个数量级。除某些天然聚合物以外,合成聚合物的分子量还有多分散性,这就是说,高聚物试样中的各个高分子之间的聚合度可以不相同,因而试样的分子量有一个分布。高聚物的分子量分布表征试样中不同分子量的分布情况。高聚物     

《液相色谱分离材料——制备与应用》

正《液相色谱分离材料——制备与应用》(化学工业出版社,2016)由欧俊杰、邹汉法等二十余名在色谱领域从事基础研究和应用的专家集体编著而成。背景色谱作为一种分离技术与方法,已有100年的历史,从技术到理论建立了多种分离模式,并应用于多个科学领域,已经成为分析化学学科中的一个重要分支。人们把色谱柱比喻成色谱的"心脏",其最关键部分是填充在色谱柱内的分离材料。色谱填料的发展是色谱分析的关键,是各种HPLC分离模式赖以建立和发展的基础。液相色谱柱制备技术作为HPLC技术的核心一直是研究的热点,开发新型液相色谱固定相依然是色谱研究工作者的重要研究内容之一。     

薄层色谱在高分子研究中的应用

本文综述了薄层色谱的高分子研究中的应用概况，着重介绍发薄层色谱在高分子的分离、分子量分布、组成分布、溶解度参数、官能度分布和高分子材料中助剂的测定等的应用。     

高聚物分子量分布的表征——对聚碳酸酯的应用

建议一种简单的用GPC曲线上淋出体积V_p;(V_(10)—V_p)及(V_p—V_(90))三参数来表征高聚物分子量分布的方法,其中V_p是GPC微分曲线上高峰的淋出体积值,V_(10)/V_(90)是GPC积分曲线上在累积分数10％及90％处的淋出体积值,V_p与高聚物的平均分子量有关,而(V_(10)—V_p);(V_p—V_(90))则表征分子量分布的高分子量及低分子量尾端所延伸的宽度,分子量分布对于高聚物加工性能及产品力学性能的影响常与高低分子量的尾端部分有着密切关系。 应用此方法比较了几个国内外聚碳酸酯试样的分子量分布变化和性能的关系,说明这种表征方式能够反映不同GPC曲线上的差异(即分子量分布的差异),也能够明确地反映聚碳酸酯的冲击韧性和应力开裂性质的优劣。     

Size-exclusion chromatography—from high-performance to ultra-performance

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) enables measurement of the average molecular weights and molecular-weight distributions of polymers. Because these characteristics may, in turn, be correlated with important performance characteristics of plastics, SEC is an essential analytical technique for characterization of macromolecules. Although SEC is one of the oldest instrumental chromatographic techniques, it is still under continuous development, as a result of the great demand for increased resolution and faster analysis in SEC. Ultra-high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (UHPSEC) was recently introduced to satisfy the growing demands of analytical chemists. Using instrumentation capable of generating very high pressures and columns packed with small particles, this technique enables greater separation efficiency and faster analysis than are achieved with conventional SEC. UHPSEC is especially advantageous for high-resolution analysis of oligomers, for very rapid polymer separations, and as a second dimension in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography of polymers. In this paper we discuss the benefits of UHPSEC for separation of macromolecules, with examples from the literature.     

Recent progress in carbohydrate separation by high-performance liquid chromatography based on size exclusion

Since the introduction of stationary phases based on microparticulate porous silica and polymeric sorbents, rigid and semi-rigid, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) has become established as a form of high-performance liquid chromatography. In recent years, there have beeen revolutionary developments in detection systems for high-performance SEC, which have placed the use of the method for the determination of molecular-size and molecular-weight distributions of polymers on a sound theoretical basis andincreased the range of information on molecular characteristics that can be retrieved from SEC data. This review surveys these changes in SEC systems and their application to the separation and molecular-weight distribution analysis of carbohydrates.     

Polymer characterization by interaction chromatography

Liquid chromatography (LC) is a powerful tool for the characterization of synthetic polymers, that are inherently heterogeneous in molecular weight, chain architecture, chemical composition, and microstructure. Of different versions of the LC methods, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is most commonly used for the molecular weight distribution analysis. SEC separates the polymer molecules according to the size of a polymer chain, a well‐defined function of molecular weight for linear homopolymers. The same, however, cannot be said of nonlinear polymers or copolymers. Hence, SEC is ill suited for and inefficient in separating the molecules in terms of chemical heterogeneity, such as differences in chemical composition of copolymers, tacticity, and functionality. For these purposes, another chromatographic method called interaction chromatography (IC) is found as a better tool because its separation mechanism is sensitive to the chemical nature of the molecules. The IC separation utilizes the enthalpic interactions to vary adsorption or partition of solute molecules to the stationary phase. Thus, it is used to separate polymers in terms of their chemical composition distribution or functionality. Further, the IC method has been shown to give rise to much higher resolution over SEC in separating polymers by molecular weight. We present here our recent progress in polymer characterization with this method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1591‐1607, 2005     

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of branched polymers and polysaccharides

Branched polymers are among the most important polymers, ranging from polyolefins to polysaccharides. Branching plays a key role in the chain dynamics. It is thus very important for application properties such as mechanical and adhesive properties and digestibility. It also plays a key role in viscous properties, and thus in the mechanism of the separation of these polymers in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Critically reviewing the literature, particularly on SEC of polyolefins, polyacrylates and starch, we discuss common pitfalls but also highlight some unexplored possibilities to characterize branched polymers. The presence of a few long-chain branches has been shown to lead to a poor separation in SEC, as evidenced by multiple-detection SEC or multidimensional liquid chromatography. The local dispersity can be large in that case, and the accuracy of molecular weight determination achieved by current methods is poor, although hydrodynamic volume distributions offer alternatives. In contrast, highly branched polymers do not suffer from this extensive incomplete separation in terms of molecular weight.     

New Developments in Multidimensional Chromatography of Complex Polymers

Summary: Complex polymers are distributed in more than one direction of molecular heterogeneity. In addition to the molar mass distribution, they are frequently distributed with respect to chemical composition, functionality, and molecular heterogeneity. One approach for the analysis of the heterogeneity of complex polymers is their chromatographic separation by combining different separation mechanisms. A typical experimental protocol includes the separation of the sample according to composition to yield fractions that are chemically homogeneous. These fractions are transferred to a size‐selective separation method and analyzed with respect to molar mass. As a result of this two‐dimensional (2D) separation, information on both types of molecular heterogeneity is obtained. So far, 2D chromatography has been applied mostly to polymers that are soluble in organic solvents. There are several problems related to the use of aqueous mobile phases in polymer chromatography. These problems relate to the very polar or ionic character of the polymers and the experimental conditions, including the use of salt‐containing eluents. The present paper addresses the different parameters that influence the chromatographic experiments. For a model polymer system resulting from the grafting of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), i.e., PEG‐g‐PMAA, it will be shown that different chromatographic techniques including SEC, LC‐CC, and 2D chromatography, as well as coupled LC‐CC/FT‐IR can be used to analyze the molecular complexity of the copolymers.

LC‐CC/FT‐IR spectra of a PEG‐g‐PMAA sample as function of the elution volume.     

Branched-polymer separations using comprehensive two-dimensional molecular-topology fractionation x size-exclusion chromatography

Branching has a strong influence on the processability and properties of polymers. However, the accurate characterization of branched polymers is genuinely difficult. Branched molecules of a certain molecular weight exhibit the same hydrodynamic volumes as linear molecules of substantially lower weights. Therefore, separation by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), will result in the co-elution of molecules with different molecular weights and branching characteristics. Chromatographic separation of the polymer molecules in sub-microm channels, known as molecular-topology fractionation (MTF), may provide a better separation based on topological differences among sample molecules. MTF elution volumes depend on both the topology and molar mass. Therefore co-elution of branched molecules with linear molecules of lower molar mass may also occur in this separation. Because SEC and MTF exhibit significantly different selectivity, the best and clearest separations can be achieved by combining the two techniques in a comprehensive two-dimensional (MTFxSEC) separation system. In this work such a system has been used to demonstrate branching-selective separations of star branched polymers and of randomly long-chain-branched polymers. Star-shaped polymers were separated from linear polymers above a column-dependent molecular weight or size.     

Chromatography of functional polymers: A new approach to the characterization of reactive polymers obtained by chemical modification

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to complement size-exclusion (gel permeation) chromatography (SEC) for the characterization of functional polymers. Whereas SEC is unable to detect compositional changes, HPLC in an appropriate interacting medium can provide detailed information on compositional changes occurring during chemical modification of a polymer. The method has been demonstrated using a normal-phase column consisting of porous monodisperse 10 μm poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads that have a homogeneous coverage of aliphatic hydroxyl groups for the analysis of brominated poly(isobutylene-co-4-methylstyrene). Differences of well below 1 mol % of bromomethylstyrene units are easily detected and quantified. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1173–1180, 1997     

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the characterization of functional acrylate polymers

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-size-exclusion chromatography (LC x SEC) was investigated as a tool for the characterization of functional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers. Ultraviolet-absorbance and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) were used. A simple method to quantify ELSD data is presented. Each data point from the ELSD chromatogram can be converted into a mass concentration using experimental calibration curves. The qualitative and quantitative information obtained on two representative samples is used to demonstrate the applicability of LC x SEC for determining the mutually dependent molar-mass distributions (MMD) and functionality-type distributions (FTD) of functional polymers. The influence of the molar mass on the retention behavior in LC was investigated using LC x SEC for hydroxyl-functional PMMA polymers. The critical conditions, at which retention is--by definition--independent of molar mass, were not exactly the same for PMMA series with different end-groups. Our observations are in close agreement with theoretical curves reported in the literature. However, for practical applications of LC x SEC it is not strictly necessary to work at the exact critical solvent composition. Near-critical conditions are often sufficient to determine the mutually dependent distributions (MMD and FTD) of functional polymers.     

Strategies in two‐dimensional liquid chromatographic separation of complex polymer systems

Complex synthetic polymer systems as for example copolymers exhibit distributions in at least two of the three basic molecular characteristics which are molar mass, chemical structure/composition and molecular architecture. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates macromolecules according to their size in solution which simultaneously depends on all molecular characteristics. Therefore, multi‐dimensional liquid chromatographic techniques are to be applied to independently assess all different distributions present in the sample. So far, two‐dimensional separations have been attempted. In the first dimension separation column, selected liquid chromatographic mechanisms are intentionally combined to suppress effects of all but one molecular characteristic. Consequently, polymer species are separated exclusively or at least predominantly according to one single parameter. In the second dimension separation column, macromolecules are separated according to another molecular characteristic. In this contribution the methods are briefly reviewed in which effect of polymer molar mass on polymer retention is suppressed. The resulting ”one parameter separation systems” can be on‐line or off‐line connected to another separation system such as SEC to provide more detailed characterization of complex polymers. Besides, selected procedures for the re‐concentration of diluted polymer solutions are concisely treated. These may be utilized for increasing the concentration of sample(s) leaving the first dimension separation column. Eventually, some arrangements for controlled sample re‐introduction into the second dimension separation column are outlined.