由超辐射引起的迁移率边和重返局域化

研究了束缚在梯子形光晶格中的中性原子与高精度腔耦合的系统,发现由超辐射引起的准周期调制可以导致迁移率边和重返局域化现象的出现.在平均场近似下,超辐射现象可以引起两种不同频率的准周期调制,它们可以由腔场和泵浦场有效调节.在本文的观测范围内,当高频调制强度小于某一临界值时,系统随着低频调制强度的增加经历一次局域转变.通过数值求解分形维度、密度分布、平均参与率、平均逆参与率以及标度分析,证明了局域转变历经的临界相区存在迁移率边;当高频调制强度大于临界值时,随着低频调制强度的增强,系统依次经历完全扩展相-临界相-完全局域相-临界相-完全局域相,这是一个典型的重返局域化现象.最后给出了局域化相图.该研究结果为超辐射相变和重返局域化现象的研究建立了联系,也为重返局域化的研究搭建了新的平台.     

一种新型多重积分数值计算的余项公式

研究了应用复化中矩形公式法进行多重积分数值计算的余项的一般形式,为连续模型离散化产生误差的分析提供了理论依据.     

从学生的“问题”出发审视空间向量内容的教学和育人价值北大核心

1问题提出高中数学课程引入空间向量内容后,使很多原本需要进行推理演化的立体几何问题的求解“代数化”、“程序化”了,以往的一些立体几何的“难题”变得“简单”了.有老师认为,立体几何内容在培养学生直观想象、逻辑推理核心素养的育人价值减弱了.在教学中,不难发现即便有空间向量作为解决立体几何问题的有力工具,学生在解决立体几何问题时依然会存在各式各样的“错误”.     

白云石制备似立方体状方解石型碳酸钙晶体及其机理研究

以轻烧白云石粉、氯化铵和二氧化碳为原料,在未使用晶型控制剂的情况下,通过蒸氨-沉钙过程制备出了似立方体状碳酸钙。研究了反应温度、溶液中钙离子浓度、通气速率、搅拌速度以及陈化时间对碳酸钙中方解石相含量以及晶体形貌的影响,并探索了沉钙反应的晶型控制机理。结果表明,在反应温度40 ℃、钙离子浓度0.05 mol/L、通碳速率100 mL/min、搅拌速度400 r/min和陈化时间2 h的条件下,制备出形貌规整、粒径分布均匀的似立方体状碳酸钙,平均粒径为5~10 μm。该研究为提升白云石的使用价值、生产高附加价值的碳酸钙产品,以及提高白云石资源的利用率提供理论基础。     

石墨烯负载的氧配位钴单原子稳定金属锂负极

Lithium (Li)-based batteries are the dominant energy source for consumer electronics, grid storage, and electrified transportation. However, the development of batteries based on graphite anodes is hindered by their limited energy density. With its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh∙g⁻¹), low redox potential (−3.04 V), and satisfactorily low density (0.54 g∙cm⁻³), Li metal is the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Unfortunately, the limited cycling life and safety issues raised by dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and "dead Li" have inhibited their practical use. An effective strategy is to develop a suitable lithiophilic matrix for regulating initial Li nucleation behavior and controlling subsequent Li growth. Herein, single-atom cobalt coordinated to oxygen sites on graphene (Co-O-G SA) is demonstrated as a Li plating substrate to efficiently regulate Li metal nucleation and growth. Owing to its dense and more uniform lithiophilic sites than single-atom cobalt coordinated to nitrogen sites on graphene (Co-N-G SA), high electronic conductivity, and high specific surface area (519 m²∙g⁻¹), Co-O-G SA could significantly reduce the local current density and promote the reversibility of Li plating and stripping. As a result, the Co-O-G SA based Li anodes exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at a current density of 1 mA∙cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh∙cm⁻², and excellent rate capability (high current density of 8 mA∙cm⁻²). Even at a high plating capacity of 6 mAh∙cm⁻², the Co-O-G SA electrode could stably cycle for an ultralong lifespan of 1300 h. In the symmetric battery, the Co-O-G SA based Li anode (Co-O-G SA/Li) possessed a stable voltage profile of 18 mV for 780 h at 1 mA∙cm⁻², and even at a high current density of 3 mA∙cm⁻², its overpotential maintained a small hysteresis of approximately 24 mV for > 550 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the surface of Co-O-G SA had a stronger interaction with Li atoms with a larger binding energy, −3.1 eV, than that of Co-N-G SA (−2.5 eV), leading to a uniform distribution of metallic Li on the Co-O-G SA surface. More importantly, when matched with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Co-O-G SA/lithium sulfur full batteries exhibited a high capacity of 1002 mAh∙g⁻¹, improved kinetics with a small polarization of 191 mV, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.036% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1675 mA∙g⁻¹) with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, this work provides novel insights into the coordination environment of single atoms for the chemistry of Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries.     

季铵盐改性蒙脱石的制备与表征

采用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)对钠基蒙脱石(MMT)进行季铵化改性,制备有机蒙脱石(CMMT),对改性后的蒙脱石进行X射线衍射(XRD)、电位分析法(PA)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和热分析(TGA)等分析表征,并用改性后的蒙脱石吸附五氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)后测定并比较其载药量.结果表明,改性剂已成功插入到蒙脱石的层间;相比于钠基蒙脱石,有机蒙脱石的层间距和热稳定性均有所增大;当制备季铵盐有机改性蒙脱石时,反应温度为80℃,且CTAC的用量是MMT的2.5倍阳离子交换容量时,形成的有机蒙脱石的阳离子化程度和对5-FU的载药量最高.此外,考察并比较了有机蒙脱石和钠基蒙脱石的体外细胞毒性,结果显示有机蒙脱石具有更好的生物相容性和更低的细胞毒性.     

基于视觉辐条图案识别方法的蓝宝石引晶机制研究

工业生产蓝宝石晶体过程中,引晶步骤有着至关重要的地位。引晶必须在温度梯度较小,温度分布趋于稳定的条件下进行。目前,工业生产蓝宝石主要依靠人工经验操控籽晶杆实现引晶操作,但是人工引晶操作的准确性不高会导致成品品质不佳、资源浪费。为此,本文提出一种基于蓝宝石视觉辐条图案识别方法来检测蓝宝石熔体状态自由液面状态,从而实现一种高效率引晶的机制。此方法利用经典骨架化算法细化辐条图案,Harris算子实现特征信息的提取,提取的特征信息放入运动轨迹模型中判断熔体稳定性,分析液面温度分布稳定性从而实现引晶。结果表明,此算法具有有效性,蓝宝石晶体引晶效率大大提高,生产出的成品良率也有提升,可有效指导蓝宝石的工业生产。     

球形方解石的合成和表征

25℃下,用豆腐废水作为碳酸钙形貌调节剂,用Na2 CO3和CaCl,·6H2O作为原料合成碳酸钙,研究豆腐废水对产物组成和粒子形貌的影响.用粉末X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对合成的产品晶型进行了表征,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察研究粒子的形貌.研究结果显示,合成得到的产物是纯的方解石,粒子的形状是球形的或者是接近球形的.结果 说明,豆腐废水虽然不会影响碳酸钙的晶型,但是会影响碳酸钙粒子的形貌.