用发展的眼光看待初中学生解题过程中的疑问

很多初中数学问题,学生能够找到一个“或许可行”的思维角度,但是无法完整解答,此时教师应该给予学生极大的肯定和更合理的解释,以激发学生探索的兴趣,帮助学生开拓数学视野,本文结合三个具体问题谈谈用发展的眼光看待初中学生解题过程中的疑问.     

《气体物理》简介

《气体物理》由中国航天科技集团有限公司主管、中国航天空气动力技术研究院(主要主办单位)、中国宇航学会、中国宇航出版有限责任公司共同主办.国内统一连续出版物号为CN 10-1384/03,中文,双月刊,大16开.逢单月(一月、三月、五月、七月、九月、十一月)出版,每年6期,每期64页.     

带滩槽地形的连续弯道中纵向流速横向分布解析

本文基于沿水深积分的动量方程,假定二次流项和弯道附加应力项沿横断面呈线性分布,提出了预测弯道垂线平均纵向流速的解析计算方法,进一步提出了河槽区和河滩区垂线平均纵向流速沿断面分布的求解模式,并将其应用于带滩槽地形的反向连续弯道水槽中. 根据实测数据率定计算参数,该模式可计算不同出口水深条件下断面垂线平均纵向流速分布,计算结果与实测数据吻合良好.分析了线性分布假设中参数随水深变化的取值规律和沿横断面分布特点,并对参数进行了敏感性分析,分析表明线性假设中一次项系数分区位置对流速峰值的大小和位置影响较大,常数项根据地形横比降变化进行分区取值,流速计算值对常数项在水平段和斜坡段分区位置较为敏感,并根据参数的敏感度提出了参数沿水槽的均值作为参考值.讨论了动量方程中二次流项和弯道附加应力项沿弯道的横向分布规律,进一步认识线性假设的适用范围,结果表明线性假设在本文试验水槽中适用于弯道沿程.研究成果有助于认识带滩槽地形的连续弯道纵向流速分布特征及其形成机制.      

对称向量拟均衡问题有效解的存在性

利用标量化方法建立对称向量拟均衡问题有效解的存在性定理。作为标量化方法的应用，利用这一方法得到向量变分不等式和拟向量变分不等式有效解的存在性定理。     

结构不良试题的认识、功能与教学实施

2020年是山东、海南两省进入高考综合改革后的首次高考,数学不分文理科,这对高考数学命题提出了新的要求,数学试题必须在试卷结构和题型上有所创新,以增强测试的选拔功能,达到区分不同水平考生的目的.从2020年全国新高考卷(供山东、海南两省使用)来看,除了增设多选题之外,还在解答题中设置了结构不良试题,这两类题型的出现让人耳目一新,本文拟以新高考卷中的结构不良问题为例谈谈笔者的思考.     

好的问题并渐次呈现:教学设计的两个关键--从教学设计的“三二一”说起

一、从教学设计的“三二一”说起近读《章建跃数学教育随想录(下卷)》,章建跃博士关于“搞好教学设计,提高教学质量”的论述中提出教学设计的“三二一”,即三个基本点(理解数学、理解学生、理解教学),两个关键(提好的问题、设计自然的过程),一个核心(设计概括过程).     

基于NiCo2O4纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器

The looming global energy crisis and ever-increasing energy demands have catalyzed the development of renewable energy storage systems. In this regard, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted widespread attention because of their advantageous attributes such as high power density, excellent cycle stability, and environmental friendliness. However, SCs exhibit low energy density and it is important to optimize electrode materials to improve the overall performance of these devices. Among the various electrode materials available, spinel nickel cobaltate (NiCo₂O₄) is particularly interesting because of its excellent theoretical capacitance. Based on the understanding that the performances of the electrode materials strongly depend on their morphologies and structures, in this study, we successfully synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets on Ni foam via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the results showed that they were uniformly distributed on the Ni foam support. The surface chemical states of the elements in the samples were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ products were then tested as cathode materials for supercapacitors in a traditional three-electrode system. The electrochemical performances of the NiCo₂O₄ electrode materials were studied and the area capacitance was found to be 1.26 C·cm^-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. Furthermore, outstanding cycling stability with 97.6% retention of the initial discharge capacitance after 10000 cycles and excellent rate performance (67.5% capacitance retention with the current density from 1 to 14 mA·cm^-2) were achieved. It was found that the Ni foam supporting the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets increased the conductivity of the electrode materials. However, it is worth noting that the contribution of nickel foam to the areal capacitance of the electrode materials was almost zero during the charge and discharge processes. To further investigate the practical application of the as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets-based electrode, a device was assembled with the as-prepared samples as the positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The assembled supercapacitor showed energy densities of 0.14 and 0.09 Wh·cm^-3 at 1.56 and 4.5 W·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, it was able to maintain 95% of its initial specific capacitance after 10000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets could be ascribed to their unique spatial structure composed of interconnected ultrathin nanosheets, which facilitated electron transportation and ion penetration, suggesting their potential applications as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. The present synthetic route can be extended to other ternary transition metal oxides/sulfides for future energy storage devices and systems.     

调和点列背景下一个几何命题的推广

1.引言近日在网上看到一个几何问题(见微信公众号"叶军数学工作站"《数学爱好者通讯》(第87期),由赵忠华老师提出的"问题研究B"):问题1如图1,△ABC的旁切圆☉O与边BC切于点D,与边AC,AB的延长线切于点E,F,DD₁为☉O的直径,过DD₁上任一点G作AD的垂线,分别与线段D₁F,D₁E相交于点M,N,证明:GM=GN.     

实践波利亚“怎样解题表”的一组“尺规作图”教学案例北大核心

1问题提出为了回答“一个问题的好解法是如何产生的”这个令人困惑的问题,数学教育家波利亚专门研究了解题的思维过程,并将其凝练为一张“怎样解题表”,即理解题目、拟定计划、执行计划、回顾与反思[1],其中的“问题和建议”是解决问题的一串“万能钥匙”.诸多一线数学教师尽管了解波利亚的“怎样解题表”,却未自觉实践之.究其原因,或在于没有领悟蕴含其中的具有普适意义的数学思想方法的作用,或在于没有掌握如何运用其中的相关“问题和建议”教会学生学会解题.