白云石制备似立方体状方解石型碳酸钙晶体及其机理研究

以轻烧白云石粉、氯化铵和二氧化碳为原料,在未使用晶型控制剂的情况下,通过蒸氨-沉钙过程制备出了似立方体状碳酸钙。研究了反应温度、溶液中钙离子浓度、通气速率、搅拌速度以及陈化时间对碳酸钙中方解石相含量以及晶体形貌的影响,并探索了沉钙反应的晶型控制机理。结果表明,在反应温度40 ℃、钙离子浓度0.05 mol/L、通碳速率100 mL/min、搅拌速度400 r/min和陈化时间2 h的条件下,制备出形貌规整、粒径分布均匀的似立方体状碳酸钙,平均粒径为5~10 μm。该研究为提升白云石的使用价值、生产高附加价值的碳酸钙产品,以及提高白云石资源的利用率提供理论基础。     

多孔氮化硼掺杂聚吡咯-2,3,3-三甲基吲哚固相微萃取涂层的制备及多环芳烃的检测

多环芳烃(PAHs)是持久性有机污染物中的一种，大部分具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性，对生态环境和人类健康易造成严重威胁。由于环境样品基质复杂且其中PAHs含量低，因此在仪器分析之前需要对环境样品进行必要的前处理。萃取材料的特性是决定大部分前处理技术萃取效率的关键。基于此，本文以低成本且富含较多官能团的吡咯(py)、2,3,3-三甲基吲哚(2,3,3-TMe@In)为单体，多孔氮化硼为掺杂物，采用电化学循环伏安法制备出多孔氮化硼掺杂聚吡咯-2,3,3-三甲基吲哚(Ppy/P2,3,3-TMe@In/BN)复合涂层，通过扫描电子显微镜、热稳定性分析、傅里叶红外光谱等手段对Ppy/P2,3,3-TMe@In/BN进行表征，结果表明：该涂层呈现出多孔、多褶皱的枝状结构，该结构有利于增加涂层的比表面积，从而实现对PAHs的大量富集；在320℃解吸温度下，涂层材料的色谱基线基本稳定，表明该涂层具有良好的热稳定性。将其修饰在不锈钢丝表面制成固相微萃取涂层，结合气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器，对影响萃取和分离萘(NAP)、苊(ANY)、芴(FLU)3种PAHs的条件进行优化，建立了用于以上3种PAHs...     

石墨烯负载的氧配位钴单原子稳定金属锂负极

Lithium (Li)-based batteries are the dominant energy source for consumer electronics, grid storage, and electrified transportation. However, the development of batteries based on graphite anodes is hindered by their limited energy density. With its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh∙g⁻¹), low redox potential (−3.04 V), and satisfactorily low density (0.54 g∙cm⁻³), Li metal is the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Unfortunately, the limited cycling life and safety issues raised by dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and "dead Li" have inhibited their practical use. An effective strategy is to develop a suitable lithiophilic matrix for regulating initial Li nucleation behavior and controlling subsequent Li growth. Herein, single-atom cobalt coordinated to oxygen sites on graphene (Co-O-G SA) is demonstrated as a Li plating substrate to efficiently regulate Li metal nucleation and growth. Owing to its dense and more uniform lithiophilic sites than single-atom cobalt coordinated to nitrogen sites on graphene (Co-N-G SA), high electronic conductivity, and high specific surface area (519 m²∙g⁻¹), Co-O-G SA could significantly reduce the local current density and promote the reversibility of Li plating and stripping. As a result, the Co-O-G SA based Li anodes exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at a current density of 1 mA∙cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh∙cm⁻², and excellent rate capability (high current density of 8 mA∙cm⁻²). Even at a high plating capacity of 6 mAh∙cm⁻², the Co-O-G SA electrode could stably cycle for an ultralong lifespan of 1300 h. In the symmetric battery, the Co-O-G SA based Li anode (Co-O-G SA/Li) possessed a stable voltage profile of 18 mV for 780 h at 1 mA∙cm⁻², and even at a high current density of 3 mA∙cm⁻², its overpotential maintained a small hysteresis of approximately 24 mV for > 550 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the surface of Co-O-G SA had a stronger interaction with Li atoms with a larger binding energy, −3.1 eV, than that of Co-N-G SA (−2.5 eV), leading to a uniform distribution of metallic Li on the Co-O-G SA surface. More importantly, when matched with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Co-O-G SA/lithium sulfur full batteries exhibited a high capacity of 1002 mAh∙g⁻¹, improved kinetics with a small polarization of 191 mV, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.036% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1675 mA∙g⁻¹) with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, this work provides novel insights into the coordination environment of single atoms for the chemistry of Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries.     

柠檬果茶中游离态和键合态挥发性成分分析

以柠檬果茶为研究对象,建立了顶空固相微萃取前处理结合气相色谱质谱联用技术测定其中挥发性化合物的分析方法。采用开水冲泡对样品进行提取,通过Amberlite XAD-2大孔吸附树脂对柠檬果茶中的糖苷类挥发性组分键合,分离游离态和键合态化合物,甲醇溶剂作为洗脱剂对键合态化合物进行洗脱,Almondsβ-D-葡萄糖苷酶对其酶解。使用气质联用对样品中游离态和键合态挥发性成分进行检测,其结果根据数据库匹配和对比文献保留时间定性,内标法进行定量。结果表明,柠檬果茶中含有游离态物质24种,键合态物质16种,主要为(+)-柠檬烯、1-辛醇、橙花醇、(-)-4-萜品醇、alpha-松油醇等。方法为花果茶干燥工艺提供参考。     

基于响应面法的直拉硅单晶生长工艺参数优化方法

在直拉法制备硅单晶的过程中,要得到优质的晶体必须建立合理的温度分布,而单晶炉内热场的分布与工艺参数的设定密切相关.其中以晶体转速、坩埚转速和拉速等三个工艺参数对热场分布的影响尤为显著.为了确定最佳热场分布下晶转、埚转及拉速的设定值,本文采用响应面算法通过方程拟合、回归分析等步骤求解这三个工艺参量与温度梯度之间的最佳函数模型,并在该模型下同时对这三个工艺参量进行优化分析,且通过仿真实验和拉晶实验表明该方法的有效性.     

保温层结构对感应加热制备太阳能级多晶硅影响的数值模拟研究

定向凝固技术是制备太阳能级多晶硅的主要制备技术.在该技术路线之中,优化多晶铸锭炉的热场结构和控制硅熔体的对流形态是获得高品质多晶硅的有效途径之一.本文设计了三种热场保温层,通过分析不同保温层下坩埚内硅熔体的热场、流场、固液界面、氧含量等的变化,确定了优化的保温层结构.研究发现,在传统固化碳毡保温层中引入石墨层可以使多晶炉内形成两个“热源”,提高多晶炉的热效率,使其能耗降低了38.5;;在洛伦兹力的作用下硅熔体中仅存在一个上下贯通的涡流,有利于硅中杂质原子的挥发.同时,添加石墨保温层后固液界面的形状由“W”状转变为凹状,其上的氧含量有所降低,并且V/Gn值在整个固液界面范围内均大于临界值,可以有效抑制氧沉淀.可见,在感应加热多晶硅生长系统中,采用固化碳毡+石墨保温层时,有利于降低多晶硅的生产成本并提高多晶硅的品质.     

基于视觉辐条图案识别方法的蓝宝石引晶机制研究

工业生产蓝宝石晶体过程中,引晶步骤有着至关重要的地位。引晶必须在温度梯度较小,温度分布趋于稳定的条件下进行。目前,工业生产蓝宝石主要依靠人工经验操控籽晶杆实现引晶操作,但是人工引晶操作的准确性不高会导致成品品质不佳、资源浪费。为此,本文提出一种基于蓝宝石视觉辐条图案识别方法来检测蓝宝石熔体状态自由液面状态,从而实现一种高效率引晶的机制。此方法利用经典骨架化算法细化辐条图案,Harris算子实现特征信息的提取,提取的特征信息放入运动轨迹模型中判断熔体稳定性,分析液面温度分布稳定性从而实现引晶。结果表明,此算法具有有效性,蓝宝石晶体引晶效率大大提高,生产出的成品良率也有提升,可有效指导蓝宝石的工业生产。