质子数Z 分别位于Ru 之上和之下的A~(100~126) 丰中子原子核三轴形变在原子核形状变迁和共存中的重要作用(英文)

基于Ru (Z = 44) 丰中子同位素中存在最大三轴形变的理论预言和实验证据,综述了近年来Rh (Z = 45),Pd (Z =46), Ag (Z =47), Cd (Z =48)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之上)及Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42),Tc (Z =43)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之下) 的A~ (100~126) 丰中子同位素中关于三轴形变的形状变迁和形状共存系统性研究的重要进展。252Cf 自发裂变瞬发 射线-- 三重符合、特别是新建立的--- 四重符合数据的系统观测和研究,在Ru, Pd, Cd 和Nb 丰中子同位素中显著扩展或首次观测到了一系列能带,为这个核区原子核形状的研究提供了新的、重要的实验数据。联系此前报道的有关进展,使用PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM 和SCTAC 理论模型计算拟合新的实验数据,在该核区沿同中素和同位素链,并随自旋和激发能变化各自由度,跟踪原子核形状渐进变化,获得了新的系统性研究成果,显著扩展和深化了人们对原子核形状变迁和形状共存的认知。对于Ru 及其上的Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47) 和Cd (Z = 48) 丰中子同位素的研究表明:Rh 丰中子核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ = 28°,并在103{106Rh 同位素链上鉴别出了手征对称破缺;在三轴形变核112Ru和114Pd(N = 68)中发现了三轴原子核的摆动运动,该摆动运动也可能在114Ru (N = 70)中存在;观察到了从具有最大三轴形变的110,112Ru 中手征破缺到稍小三轴形变的112,114,116Pd 中扰动的手征破缺的过渡;在较软的Ag 核中观察到了丰富的谱学结构,在104,105Ag 中鉴别出了可能的手征对称破缺,在较重的115,117Ag 中提出了趋于三轴形变的软度;具有小形变的Cd核的能级结构被解释为准粒子耦合、准转动和软三轴形变;最近的库伦激发的研究提供了Z = 50, N = 82满壳附近122,124,126Cd 核中出现核集体性的实验和理论证据;上述研究成果展现出从Ru中的最大三轴形变(γ=30°,三轴形变极小增益为0.67 MeV), 经具有大三轴形变的Rh核γ=28°),到Pd核中的稍小、但稳定于中等自旋到高自旋区的三轴形变(γ~41°,三轴形变极小增益为0.32 MeV),再经Ag核中的软度,最后到具有很小形变、但仍出现集体性质、包括软三轴形变的Cd核的过渡。对于Pd核转动带交叉系统性的研究揭示了其第一带交叉(νh_11/2)2 中子转动顺排的上行驱动,和第二带交叉(πg_9/2)2质子转动顺排的下行驱动效应,成功地解释了114Pd 中的三轴摆动运动,并给出了110-118Pd同位素链中理论早已预言、而比早期理论预言更为完整准确的形状渐进变迁和形状共存的图像。根据该核区的系统研究,发现最大三轴形变出现在112Ru,而在相邻的偶Z(Pd)同位素链,三轴形变极小的中心在114Pd, 两者均为N = 68。上述系统性研究沿相邻的Ru和Pd偶Z同位素链,在N =68同中素中鉴别出最大三轴形变,均比理论预言的108Ru 和110Pd 多4个中子。在Z值位于Ru (Z = 44) 之下的Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42) and Tc (Z = 43) 丰中子同位素中,Y和Zr核具有很强的轴对称四极形变,而在较重的Zr同位素中出现了自由度;较重的Nb核(A = 104~106) 基态具有中等程度的软三轴形变和强四极形变,随着自旋和激发能的增加,过渡到接近于轴对称的强四极形变;而较轻的Nb核(A≤103) 基态均接近轴对称形状;在Nb同位素链上基态由球形到强四极形变的形状突变发生在100Nb(N = 59),在100-106Nb同位素链中基态的软三轴形变随中子数增加而增加;在Nb核中还观察到关于软三轴形变的形状共存;Mo核具有大的三轴形变,观察到了振动和手征对称破缺;Tc核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ=26°,并观察到了手征对称破缺。质子数Z从41到48的A~(100~126)丰中子同位素,特别是Pd和Nb 同位素,呈现出关于三轴形变的过渡特征。This paper reviews the systematic investigations and understanding for the shape transitions and coexistence with regard to triaxial deformations in A s 100 to 126 neutron-rich Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47), Cd (Z = 48) and Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42), Tc (Z = 43) isotopes with Z beyond and below Ru (Z = 44), respectively, in Ru the maximal triaxial deformation having been predicted and deduced. The recent measurements and studies of prompt triple- and four-fold, γ-γ-γ and γ-γ-γ-γ, coincidence data from the spontaneous fission of 252Cf using Gammasphere have yielded considerable expansion and extension or first observation of the bands in Ru, Pd, Cd, and Nb isotopes,which provided important data for the studies of nuclear shapes in this region. Combined with previous investigations, recent systematic studies of the new data well reproduced by PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM and SCTAC model calculations have traced shape changes along the isotonic and isotopic chains, respectively,and with changing excitations/spins as well, significantly expanding our knowledge of shape transitions/coexistence in nuclei.For the neutron-rich Ru and beyond, Rh, Pd, Ag and Cd isotopes, triaxial deformations γ= 28°,slightly smaller than the maximal value, were deduced in Rh (Z = 45) isotopes, with chiral symmetry breaking proposed in 103-106Rh; onset of wobbling motions were identified in 112Ru and 114Pd (N =68),and probably also in 114Ru (N =70); evolution from chiral symmetry breaking in 110,112Ru with maximal triaxial deformations to disturbed chirality in 112,114,116Pd with less pronounced triaxial deformations was proposed; rich nuclear structure was proposed in soft Ag isotopes with possible chiral doubling structure suggested in 104,105Ag, and softness towards triaxial deformation proposed in heavier 115,117Ag;quasi-particle couplings, quasi-rotations and soft triaxiality were suggested in Cd (Z =48) isotopes with small deformations; onset of collectivity was recently suggested in 122,124,126Cd in the vicinity of Z =50 and N = 82 closed shells by studies of Coulomb excitations; shape evolutions from maximal triaxial deformations in Ru (γ=30°, with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.67 MeV), through Rh with large triaxial deformations ( γ=28°), to less pronounced triaxiality in Pd (with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.32 MeV), then soft triaxiality in Ag, and finally to slightly deformed Cd isotopes but with emergence of collectivity and soft triaxiality were proposed. The systematic studies of the band crossings in Pd revealed up-rising drivings of the first band crossings caused by (νh_11/2)2 and down-sloping drivings of the second band crossings by (πg_9/2)2, explained the onset of wobbling motions in 114Pd,and showed a long-sought picture of shape evolution and coexistence in the Pd isotopic chain which is more complete but complex than earlier predictions. Based on the systematic studies in the mass region,maximal triaxial deformation is found to be reached in 112Ru and less-pronounced triaxiality centered at 114Pd, both for N =68, four neutrons more than predicted in earlier theoretical calculations.In the neutron-rich Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42) and Tc (Z =43) isotopes with Z just below Ru, large quadrupole deformations of axially symmetric shapes were deduced in Y and Zr isotopes, with emergence of the degree of freedom having been suggested for heavier Zr isotopes; medium triaxial deformations were deduced for the ground states of heavier (A > 104) Nb isotopes, and, with increasing excitations and spins, evolution from medium triaxial deformations with strong quadrupole deformations at ground states to nearly axially-symmetric shapes were deduced; light Nb isotopes (A6103) have near axially-symmetric shapes with strong quadrupole deformations; combining with the identification of onset of strong quadrupole deformation at 100Nb in the Nb isotopic chain, an increase of soft triaxiality with increasing neutron number was proposed in 100-106Nb. Shape coexistence with regard to soft triaxiality is also proposed in Nb isotopes; large triaxial deformations, vibrations and chiral doublets were proposed in Mo isotopes; chiral doubling and large triaxial deformations (γ ~26°) slightly smaller than the maximal triaxiality were suggested in Tc isotopes.The neutron-rich nuclei with Z ranging from 41 through 48 and A ~100 to 126, especially the Pd and Nb isotopes are thus found to be transitional nuclei with regard to triaxiality.     

波耳共振仪数据可视化与精确化探究

通过光电编码器对波耳共振仪的数据进行可视化与精确化处理,设计相应的机械结构安装光电编码器,编写STM32单片机程序,间隔10ms读取编码器信息,并将摆轮的信息实时呈现在计算机上.对所采集的大量数据进行处理,可得角位移-时间曲线、角速度-时间曲线和振动相图.利用改进后的仪器可探究自由振动、阻尼振动、受迫振动的运动规律并观察上述物理运动中的混沌现象.     

氨基功能化介孔二氧化硅对布洛芬的吸附和缓释性能研究

采用后合法对介孔二氧化硅SBA-15进行氨基改性,并以改性后材料NH2-SBA-15为载体,以疏水性药物布洛芬(IBU)为模型药物分子,通过浸渍法把IBU填充到载体的孔道内。利用XRD、低温N2吸附-脱附和FT-IR等测试手段,研究了载体的结构及载体与药物间的相互作用。结果表明,IBU通过扩散和化学吸附作用填充到了载体的孔道内,并且载体表面与IBU间存在较强的化学作用。体外模拟释放实验结果显示,与未改性的SBA-15相比,改性后样品NH2-SBA-15对IBU的释放较慢,体现了明显的药物缓释性能。     

树枝状微米NiSe2的制备及形成机制

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为软模板,SeO2为硒源,通过水热法制备了立方结构的树枝状NiSe2微米粒子。用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段对样品的形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,PEG的存在、溶液的pH值以及反应时间等因素对产物的形貌和结构有较大影响。在PEG的辅助下,NiSe2微米粒子能形成规整的树枝状结构;在无PEG的条件下,则形成了正八面体结构的微米粒子。并提出了树枝状NiSe2微米粒子的形成机理。     

Gammasphere上裂变丰中子核核结构若干前沿领域的新进展(Ⅱ:第三和第四部分)(英文)

使用Gammasphere多探测器系统对252Cf裂变源瞬发γ射线进行γ-γ-γ和γ-γ(θ)符合测量,A～100(Z～40,N56)丰中子核区关于形状过渡、形状共存和形状突变的深入研究获得了新的进展。奇-Z核的系统研究揭示了从Z=39(Y)同位素的轴对称大四极形变到Z=43(Tc),44(Ru)和45(Rh)同位素中具有中等四极形变之大三轴形变的过渡。Nb(Z=41)同位素具有过渡核的特征。根据邻近同位素和同中素带交叉信息的系统性及推转壳模型(CSM)计算,Tc和Rh偶-N同位素中观察到的带交叉产生于一对h11/2中子的转动顺排。首次观察到100Nb(Z=41,N=59)的高自旋能级纲图和形变态,从而证实了100Nb中的形状共存,并确认,在Nb同位素链上,基态形状突变发生于N=58(球形)到N=59(大形变);而在Sr(Z=38),Y(Z=39)和Zr(Z=40)各同位素链上,基态形状突变均发生于N=59(球形)到N=60(大形变)。100Nb具有大形变基态,同现有理论预言相矛盾,其大形变的基态及转动带所具有的很大的和不规则的转动惯量具有重要的理论意义。对奇-质子Cs(Z=55)和La(Z=57)丰中子同位素八极激发的详细研究,发现了141,143,144Cs同位素链上电二极矩D0随中子数增加而减小的急剧变化,此前在145,147La中观察到的电二极矩D0的较缓和的减小似乎亦很陡地下延至148La。在Cs和La同位素中观察到的电二极矩D0的急剧下降很可能同偶-质子核146Ba和224Ra中观察到的电二极矩D0的急剧下降相类似,后者已获反射非对称平均场壳修正理论的成功解释。实验证明,141Cs具有很大电二极矩D0。141Cs和142Xe中观测到的很大的电二极矩D0和仅在141Cs中观察到的电二极矩D0的simplex量子数相关性需要进一步的理论研究。根据转动频率比值ω-(I)/ω+(I)的检定,同Xe同位素一样,认定Cs同位素中包括号143Cs的八极激发为八极振动,而在La同位素中存在八极形变。     

First-principles study of solute diffusion in Ni_3Al

Using first-principles calculations in combination with Wagner–Schottky and kinetic Monte Carlo methods, the diffusion behaviors of solutes via various vacancy-mediated diffusion mechanisms in L1_2 γ-Ni_3Al were investigated. The formation energies of the point defects and the migration energies for solutes were calculated. Adding alloying elements can decrease the defect-formation energies of Ni_(Al), increase the defect-formation energies of Al_(Ni), and have little effect on the formation energy of V_(Ni). The migration energies of solutes are related with the site preference and the diffusion mechanism. The diffusion coefficients of Ni, Al, and solutes were calculated, and the concentration of antisite defects plays a crucial role in the elemental diffusion.     

钢管套装光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器

为避免外加应力应变对温度传感器光栅的影响,提出了一种利用双钢管套装来隔离外加应力应变的方法。传感器两端留有尾纤,可实现多个传感器波分复用。为了防止因温度和外加应力应变所导致的套管形变而产生光纤拉伸,封装在两个钢管中的预留光纤长度应大于0.69mm。实验结果表明,温度在0℃~80℃之间变化时,灵敏度达到10pm/℃,线性度较好,可实现对环境温度的高精度连续监测。     

氨基功能化SBA-15介孔分子筛的制备与表征

以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为偶联剂,采用后合成法对介孔分子筛(SBA-15)的表面进行改性,制得氨基功能化的介孔NH<,2>-SBA-15材料(简称NH<,2>-SBA-15),其结构和性能经FT-IR,元素分析,XRD,SEM及低温N<,2>吸附-脱附表征.结果表明,氨基成功地嫁接到SBA-15表面,含量高达3.47 ...     

钢铁中锑的孔雀绿光度法测定的改进

钢铁中微量锑的比色测定通常采用硝酸溶样,二氧化锰共沉淀,孔雀绿发色,但是高合金钢溶不了,补加盐酸溶样还须赶掉盐酸,而赶盐酸可能导致锑的损失。过去一般都认为在盐酸存在下,二氧化锰共沉淀是不可能形成的。因而有人在测定高合金钢中锑时采用王水溶样,汞盐作载体的硫化物沉淀法,但是该法繁琐冗长,毒害大。本文提出了在盐酸存在下,不冒烟赶盐酸,“利用高锰酸钾氧化盐酸”的二氧化锰沉淀分离法来测定钢铁中的微量锑,残     

盐酸介质中二氧化锰共沉淀的研究及高合金钢中微量锑的测定

用孔雀绿法或结晶紫法只能测定普通钢铁中的微量锑,但不适应高合金钢(特殊钢)。因为高合金钢中含有大量的铬、镍、钼、钨等元素,单用硝酸溶解不了,必须再加入盐酸才能溶解。但是加了盐酸又不利于二氧化锰共沉淀,按常规要冒烟处理赶盐酸,而用高