质子数Z分别位于Ru之上和之下的A～(100～126)丰中子原子核三轴形变在原子核形状变迁和共存中的重要作用（英文）

基于Ru(Z=44)丰中子同位素中存在最大三轴形变的理论预言和实验证据,综述了近年来Rh(Z=45),Pd(Z=46),Ag(Z=47),Cd(Z=48)(质子数Z位于Ru,Z=44之上)及Zr(Z=40),Nb(Z=41),Mo(Z=42),Tc(Z=43)(质子数Z位于Ru,Z=44之下)的A～(100～126)丰中子同位素中关于三轴形变的形状变迁和形状共存系统性研究的重要进展。252Cf自发裂变瞬发γ射线γ-γ-γ三重符合、特别是新建立的γ-γ-γ-γ四重符合数据的系统观测和研究,在Ru,Pd,Cd和Nb丰中子同位素中显著扩展或首次观测到了一系列能带,为这个核区原子核形状的研究提供了新的、重要的实验数据。联系此前报道的有关进展,使用PES,TRS,PSM,CCCSM和SCTAC理论模型计算拟合新的实验数据,在该核区沿同中素和同位素链,并随自旋和激发能变化各自由度,跟踪原子核形状渐进变化,获得了新的系统性研究成果,显著扩展和深化了人们对原子核形状变迁和形状共存的认知。对于Ru及其上的Rh(Z=45),Pd(Z=46),Ag(Z=47)和Cd(Z=48)丰中子同位素的研究表明:Rh丰中子核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ=-28°,并在103–106Rh同位素链上鉴别出了手征对称破缺;在三轴形变核112Ru和114Pd(N=68)中发现了三轴原子核的摆动运动,该摆动运动也可能在114Ru(N=70)中存在;观察到了从具有最大三轴形变的110,112Ru中手征破缺到稍小三轴形变的112,114,116Pd中扰动的手征破缺的过渡;在较软的Ag核中观察到了丰富的谱学结构,在104,105Ag中鉴别出了可能的手征对称破缺,在较重的115,117Ag中提出了趋于三轴形变的γ软度;具有小形变的Cd核的能级结构被解释为准粒子耦合、准转动和软三轴形变;最近的库伦激发的研究提供了Z=50,N=82满壳附近122,124,126Cd核中出现核集体性的实验和理论证据;上述研究成果展现出从Ru中的最大三轴形变(γ=-30°,三轴形变极小增益为0.67 Me V),经具有大三轴形变的Rh核(γ=-28°),到Pd核中的稍小、但稳定于中等自旋到高自旋区的三轴形变(γ～-41°,三轴形变极小增益为0.32 Me V),再经Ag核中的γ软度,最后到具有很小形变、但仍出现集体性质、包括软三轴形变的Cd核的过渡。对于Pd核转动带交叉系统性的研究揭示了其第一带交叉(νh11/2)2中子转动顺排的上行γ驱动,和第二带交叉(πg9/2)2质子转动顺排的下行γ驱动效应,成功地解释了114Pd中的三轴摆动运动,并给出了110-118Pd同位素链中理论早已预言、而比早期理论预言更为完整准确的形状渐进变迁和形状共存的图像。根据该核区的系统研究,发现最大三轴形变出现在112Ru,而在相邻的偶Z(Pd)同位素链,三轴形变极小的中心在114Pd,两者均为N=68。上述系统性研究沿相邻的Ru和Pd偶Z同位素链,在N=68同中素中鉴别出最大三轴形变,均比理论预言的108Ru和110Pd多4个中子。在Z值位于Ru(Z=44)之下的Zr(Z=40),Nb(Z=41),Mo(Z=42)and Tc(Z=43)丰中子同位素中,Y和Zr核具有很强的轴对称四极形变,而在较重的Zr同位素中出现了γ自由度;较重的Nb核(A=104～106)基态具有中等程度的软三轴形变和强四极形变,随着自旋和激发能的增加,过渡到接近于轴对称的强四极形变;而较轻的Nb核(A 103)基态均接近轴对称形状;在Nb同位素链上基态由球形到强四极形变的形状突变发生在100Nb(N=59),在100–106Nb同位素链中基态的软三轴形变随中子数增加而增加;在Nb核中还观察到关于软三轴形变的形状共存;Mo核具有大的三轴形变,观察到了γ振动和手征对称破缺;Tc核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ=-26°,并观察到了手征对称破缺。质子数Z从41到48的A～(100～126)丰中子同位素,特别是Pd和Nb同位素,呈现出关于三轴形变的过渡特征。     

原子核的三轴超形变

利用粒子 -转子模型研究三轴超形变核态,讨论了区别轴对称超形变和三轴超形变可能的实验信息.为了直接从实验上识别三轴超形变带,必须同时测量能谱和电磁跃迁几率. Current developments in triaxial superdeformed states in nuclei are discussed from a theoretical perspective. A detailed analysis of superdeformed triaxial bands is made with particle-rotor model. Experimental information which may differentiate triaxial superdeformation from axially-symmetric superdeformation is disussed. In order to identify the superdeformed triaxial bands both the energy spectra and electromagnetic transition.     

Candidate chiral nuclei in bromine isotopes based on triaxial relativistic mean field theory

Following the observation of candidate chiral doublet bands in ~(78,80)Br, triaxial deformations with corresponding configurations in odd-odd bromine isotopes have been investigated using adiabatic and configuration-fixed constrained triaxial relativistic-meanfield calculations with an aim of finding the boundary of chirality in the chain of Br isotopes. Several minima with triaxial deformation and the proper particle-hole configuration were obtained in ~(74,76,78,80,82)Br, where the chiral doublet bands have the possibility of occurrence. Furthermore, the possible existence of multiple chiral doublet(MχD) bands is demonstrated in ~(74,76,78,80,82)Br.Experiments to explore the chirality and MχD properties of Br isotopes are conducted to verify the predictions.     

Possible Candidates for Chirality in the Odd-Odd As Isotopes

The deformations and the corresponding configurations of the odd-odd As isotopes are investigated using the adiabatic and configuration-fixed constrained triaxial relativistic mean field(RMF) theory.Energy minima with triaxial deformations and high-j particle-hole configurations are obtained in ~(72,74,76,78,80)As,where the chiral doublet bands are possible to appear.The existence of multiple chiral doublet(M_χD) is demonstrated in ~(74,76,78)As.Based on the calculated single-particle levels,we also find possible coexistence of chiral and pseudospin symmetries in the odd-odd As isotopes.     

Increased rigidly triaxial deformations in neutron-rich Mo,Ru isotopes

Pairing-deformation-frequency self-consistent crankingWoods-Saxon model is employed to investigate the triaxiality in the ground states of the neutron-rich even-even Mo, Ru isotopes. Deformation evolutions and transition probabilities have been studied, giving the triaxial shapes in their ground states. The kinematic moments of inertia have been calculated to illustrate the gradually rigid deformation. To understand the origin of the asymmetry shape in this region, we analyze the evolution of single-particle orbits with changing γ deformation. The present calculations reveal the importance of the triaxial deformation in describing not only static property, but also rotational behaviors in this mass region, providing significant probes into the shell structure around.     

三轴形变对102Rh旋称反转的影响

将两准粒子加轴对称转子模型扩展到三轴形变, 对奇奇核102Rh的旋称反转进行了研究和分析, 结果表明, 可能的旋称反转机制 (即低K 空间n p相互作用和科氏力的相互竞争), 对于A=100质量区奇奇核也是适用的, 三轴形变可以明显地改进能谱的振荡特性. The model of an axially symmetric rotor plus two quasi particles for the Signature Inversion (SI) in odd odd nuclei is generalized to the triaxial deformation. The calculation of the odd odd nucleus 102Rh shows that the possible SI mechanism (i. e., the competition between the n p interaction and the coriolis force in low K space) is also appropriate for odd odd nuclei in the A=100 region. A triaxial shape can improve the vibration property of the rotational spectra remarkably.     

Gammasphere上裂变丰中子核核结构若干前沿领域的新进展(Ⅱ:第三和第四部分)(英文)

使用Gammasphere多探测器系统对252Cf裂变源瞬发γ射线进行γ-γ-γ和γ-γ(θ)符合测量,A～100(Z～40,N56)丰中子核区关于形状过渡、形状共存和形状突变的深入研究获得了新的进展。奇-Z核的系统研究揭示了从Z=39(Y)同位素的轴对称大四极形变到Z=43(Tc),44(Ru)和45(Rh)同位素中具有中等四极形变之大三轴形变的过渡。Nb(Z=41)同位素具有过渡核的特征。根据邻近同位素和同中素带交叉信息的系统性及推转壳模型(CSM)计算,Tc和Rh偶-N同位素中观察到的带交叉产生于一对h11/2中子的转动顺排。首次观察到100Nb(Z=41,N=59)的高自旋能级纲图和形变态,从而证实了100Nb中的形状共存,并确认,在Nb同位素链上,基态形状突变发生于N=58(球形)到N=59(大形变);而在Sr(Z=38),Y(Z=39)和Zr(Z=40)各同位素链上,基态形状突变均发生于N=59(球形)到N=60(大形变)。100Nb具有大形变基态,同现有理论预言相矛盾,其大形变的基态及转动带所具有的很大的和不规则的转动惯量具有重要的理论意义。对奇-质子Cs(Z=55)和La(Z=57)丰中子同位素八极激发的详细研究,发现了141,143,144Cs同位素链上电二极矩D0随中子数增加而减小的急剧变化,此前在145,147La中观察到的电二极矩D0的较缓和的减小似乎亦很陡地下延至148La。在Cs和La同位素中观察到的电二极矩D0的急剧下降很可能同偶-质子核146Ba和224Ra中观察到的电二极矩D0的急剧下降相类似,后者已获反射非对称平均场壳修正理论的成功解释。实验证明,141Cs具有很大电二极矩D0。141Cs和142Xe中观测到的很大的电二极矩D0和仅在141Cs中观察到的电二极矩D0的simplex量子数相关性需要进一步的理论研究。根据转动频率比值ω-(I)/ω+(I)的检定,同Xe同位素一样,认定Cs同位素中包括号143Cs的八极激发为八极振动,而在La同位素中存在八极形变。     

Triaxiality and shape coexistence in the A ～ 30 “island of inversion”nuclei

Understanding the properties of nuclei inside "island of inversion" is still an interesting issue. Based on a simple Nilsson model with a new set of isospin-dependent parameters, and with non-axial deformations considered, we have performed three-dimensional potential-energy-surface calculations for Ne, Na, Mg and Al isotopes that are claimed to be in or nearby the A～30 island of inversion". It is found that shape coexistence and triaxial deformation(or softness) exist in these nuclei. Large deformations are obtained by the improved Nilsson parameters, which explains the observed large electric quadrupole transition probabilities. The large deformations happening in30 Ne,31Na,32 Mg and33Al indicate the quenching of the spherical N = 20 neutron shell gap. The calculations of nuclear binding and two-neutron separation energies have been also improved with the isospin-dependent parameters and the inclusion of the non-axial deformation degree of freedom.     

Calculation of multidimensional potential energy surfaces for even-even transuranium nuclei: systematic investigation of the triaxiality effect on the fission barrier

Static fission barriers for 95 even-even transuranium nuclei with charge number Z = 94-118 have been systematically investigated by means of pairing self-consistent Woods-Saxon-Strutinsky calculations using the potential energy surface approach in multidimensional(β_2, γ, β_4) deformation space. Taking the heavier (252)~Cf nucleus(with the available fission barrier from experiment) as an example, the formation of the fission barrier and the influence of macroscopic, shell and pairing correction energies on it are analyzed. The results of the present calculated β_2 values and barrier heights are compared with previous calculations and available experiments. The role of triaxiality in the region of the first saddle is discussed. It is found that the second fission barrier is also considerably affected by the triaxial deformation degree of freedom in some nuclei(e.g., the Z =112-118 isotopes). Based on the potential energy curves, general trends of the evolution of the fission barrier heights and widths as a function of the nucleon numbers are investigated. In addition, the effects of Woods-Saxon potential parameter modifications(e.g.,the strength of the spin-orbit coupling and the nuclear surface diffuseness) on the fission barrier are briefly discussed.     

A=135核区N=79的同中异位素高自旋结构研究

摘要: 对清华大学在束γ谱实验组近年来在A=135缺中子核区N=79的同中异位素 135Ba, 137Ce和 139Nd的高自旋态实验研究进行了介绍。 实验是在中国原子能科学研究院HI 13串列加速器上用在束γ的实验技术、 分别通过重离子核反应 130Te(9Be, 4n), 124Sn(18O, 5n), 128Te(16O, 5n)进行的。 实验结果扩展了这3个核的高自旋态能级纲图。 研究表明, 这3个核的低自旋态结构均起源于 νh-111/2空穴与其偶偶核芯的耦合。 用粒子 转子模型对其结构进行了计算, 得到这3个核的形变参量γ值均稍大于30°, 为偏向于扁椭的三轴形变, 从而可看出Ba, Ce和Nd 3个同位素链在低自旋态下由长椭边到扁椭边的形状转变都发生在中子数N=77—79之间。 对于中等自旋态下一些能级的组态进行了指定与系统学比较。 在高自旋态下, 在 137Ce中发现一条γ≈－60°的扁椭形变带, 在 139Nd中则发现3条这样的扁椭形变带, 对这些扁椭形变带的起源及结构特性进行了讨论。 The progress of research on the high spin states at N=79 isotopes 135Ba, 137Ce and 139Nd in A=135 neutron deficient region by the research group of Tsinghua University has been reviewed. The experiments were carried out by using in beam γ ray spectroscopy technology and heavy ion nuclear reactions 130Te(9Be, 4n), 124Sn(18O, 5n) and 128Te(16O, 5n) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The high spin level schemes of these nuclei have been expanded. The results indicate that the lower spin states of these nuclei originated from νh-111/2 hole state coupling with the neighboring even even nucleus cores. All the deformation parameters γ values of these three isotones are larger than 30°, which indicates that they have triaxial deformation with oblate side. The prolate oblate transition in Ba, Ce and Nd isotopic chains indeed happens between N=77 and N=79. Through systematical comparison with the neighboring isotones, the configurations for some middle spin state levels have been assigned. At the high spin states, one oblate band in 137Ce and three ones in 139Nd with γ≈ -60° were discovered. The origination and structural character of these oblate bands have been discussed.     

Gammasphere上裂变丰中子核核结构若干前沿领域的新进展(Ⅰ:第一和第二部分)(英文)

(第一和第二部分):使用Gammasphere多探测器系统对252Cf裂变源瞬发γ射线进行γ-γ-γ和γ-γ(θ)符合测量,裂变丰中子原子核核结构若干前沿领域的深入研究获得了新的进展。高达5.7×1011以上的三重和更高重符合事件的数据统计,以及更少压缩的三维数据为宽广未知丰中子核区的寻找和研究提供了有利的条件。在具有重要物理意义的若干丰中子核区首次建立,或显著扩展了一批包括转晕态和转晕附近能态的高自旋能级纲图。在偶-偶丰中子核110,112Ru和108Mo中鉴别出了手征对称破缺结构。丰中子110,112Ru附近核的三轴形变基态具有最低的能量,在它们之中已确认了接近最大值的三轴形变。在这些Ru和Mo同位素中观察到的手征双线能带展示出手征破缺的一切特征,特别是其理想的能量简并,表明它们在迄今已报道的手征破缺结构中,具有最好的手征特性。研究了手征结构从具有γ软度的108Ru到具有大三轴形变的110,112Ru的过渡。斜轴推转(TAC)和随机相近似(RPA)理论计算成功地拟合了在这些偶-偶丰中子核中观察到的手征双线能带的特性,并指定其为软手征振动态。在这些偶-偶核中观察到的手征破缺不可能归纳为奇-奇核中那样的简化的几何图像。前者来自闭壳外所有中子的相互作用。对双幻核132Sn附近N=83同中素链的系统研究为这个极富吸引力的核区提供了大量新的谱学信息。N=83同中素135Te(Z=52),136I(Z=53),137Xe(Z=54),138Cs(Z=55)和139Ba(Z=56)的最新能级信息,特别是首次建立的138Cs高自旋能级纲图和壳模型理论计算表明,Z=50质子闭壳外少数g7/2价质子激发同N=82中子闭壳外之唯一f7/2价中子的耦合对该核区能级结构具有关键作用。观察到了132Sn和208Pb附近核区谱学信息的相似性和相对应的三粒子和五粒子态。在135Te中观察到了磁转动,这是在双幻核132Sn附近观察到的首例磁转动。     

Collective properties of neutron-rich Ru, Pd, and Cd isotopes

Collective properties of neutron-rich Ru, Pd, and Cd isotopes are reviewed, combining the original results from the IGISOL β-decay experiments with recent experimental and theoretical progress. The transitional nature of Ru and Pd nuclei is discussed via the low-lying level systematics, including the low-lying 0^?+? states. Although the role of an anharmonic quadrupole vibrator in Cd nuclei was recently questioned, level systematics for the three-phonon quintuplet in ^116,118,120Cd are presented, and an outlook of the spectroscopic methods for the level lifetime or B(E2) values is given.     

Trap-assisted studies of odd, neutron-rich isotopes from Tc to Pd

We review the present and future of trap-assisted structure studies of odd, neutron-rich Tc, Ru, Rh and Pd isotopes at the limits of present experimental techniques. These nuclei of refractory elements are produced in light-particle induced fission and filtered by their mass number with the IGISOL mass separator. Further mass separation with the JYFLTRAP Penning trap system provides a clean, monoisotopic beam perfectly suited for precise nuclear spectroscopy. Connecting the IGISOL and the JYFLTRAP facilities to the recently installed MCC30/15 cyclotron opens new prospects for post-trap spectroscopy of very exotic, neutron-rich nuclei.     

Precision mass measurements of neutron-rich Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd isotopes

Direct mass measurements with typical uncertainties of 1-10keV have been performed for the first time for ten neutron-rich isotopes ^{102, 103}Y , ¹⁰⁸Nb , ¹¹¹Mo , ^{113, 114}Tc , ¹¹⁶Ru , ¹¹⁹Rh , and ^{121, 122}Pd . The obtained mass data compared with the 2003 atomic-mass evaluation shows systematic overestimation of binding energies far from stability. The relationship between two-neutron separation energies, nuclear structure and shape changes has been investigated by comparing the experimental data with a theoretical calculation based on the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation using modern energy density functionals.     

Seeking the phase transition where Cd, Ag, Pd, Rh, and Ru isotopes become “neutron rich”: Isomeric decay in 125,126,127Cd, 123,124,125Ag, 121Pd, 120Rh, and 117Ru

Gamma rays have been identified in the decay of isomers in ^125,126,127Cd, ^123,124,125Ag, ¹²¹Pd, ¹²⁰Rh, and ¹¹⁷Ru that provide information about the low-energy structures of these nuclei. In turn, comparison of low-energy levels in the Cd and Te isotones reveals that, whereas the yrast structures in the Te isotopes rise smoothly as N approaches the closed shell at 82, the 15/2^- to 11/2^- transitions level off as N exceeds 76. This is identified as the point where the Cd isotopes undergo a phase transition and become “neutron rich”.     

Magnetic moments of low-lying states in medium weight odd nuclei

The magnetic moments of several short-lived states in¹⁰³Rh,^1111113Cd and^1231125Te isotopes have been measured by the transient field technique. The results, together with those obtained earlier in the^1071109Ag isotopes, have been compared to predictions of various models and calculations. In the Z=45, 47 isotopes, the odd proton seems to deform the vibrational core. The data are best explained within the framework of a triaxially deformed nucleus. In the odd neutron isotopes with 50<N<82, and Z=48, 52, weak coupling states coexist with single particle states in a mix of configurations.     

Penning-trap-assisted study of 115Ru beta decay

The beta decay of ¹¹⁵Ru has been studied by means of Penning-trap-assisted beta and gamma spectroscopy at the IGISOL facility. The level scheme of ¹¹⁵Rh has been substantially extended and compared with the level systematics of lighter rhodium isotopes. Tentative candidates for three states of the deformed K = 1/2 band have been suggested. The beta-strength distribution of the beta decay of ¹¹⁵Ru differs from the beta decays of ^{111, 113, 113m}Ru isotopes due to non-observation of the 3-quasiparticle states in ¹¹⁵Rh. The decay properties of ¹¹⁵Ru indicate a spin-parity of (3/2⁺ for its beta-decaying ground state. In addition, possible Nilsson states as well as the shape and spin transitions in odd neutron-rich ruthenium isotopes are discussed.     

Triaxial deformation in 104Rh of the chiral doublet bands

Triaxial relativistic mean field (RMF) approaches are used to study the properties of 104Rh. The existence of multiple chiral doublets is suggested for 104Rh based on the triaxial deformations and their corresponding proton and neutron configurations.