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91.
92.
Motomasa Yonezumi Reiko Takaku Shokyoku Kanaoka Sadahito Aoshima 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2008,46(6):2202-2211
Cationic polymerization of α‐methyl vinyl ethers was examined using an IBEA‐Et1.5AlCl1.5/SnCl4 initiating system in toluene in the presence of ethyl acetate at 0 ~ ?78 °C. 2‐Ethylhexyl 2‐propenyl ether (EHPE) had a higher reactivity, compared to corresponding vinyl ethers. But the resulting polymers had low molecular weights at 0 or ?50 °C. In contrast, the polymerization of EHPE at ?78 °C almost quantitatively proceeded, and the number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of the obtained polymers increased in direct proportion to the EHPE conversion with quite narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight ≤ 1.05). In monomer‐addition experiments, the Mn of the polymers shifted higher with low polydispersity as the polymerization proceeded, indicative of living polymerization. In the polymerization of methyl 2‐propenyl ether (MPE), the living‐like propagation also occurred under the reaction conditions similar to those for EHPE, but the elimination of the pendant methoxy groups was observed. The introduction of a more stable terminal group, quenched with sodium diethyl malonate, suppressed this decomposition, and the living polymerization proceeded. The glass transition temperature of the obtained poly(MPE) was 34 °C, which is much higher than that of the corresponding poly(vinyl ether). This poly(MPE) had solubility characteristics that differed from those of poly(vinyl ethers). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2202–2211, 2008 相似文献
93.
Motomasa Yonezumi Satoshi Okumoto Shokyoku Kanaoka Sadahito Aoshima 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2008,46(18):6129-6141
Living cationic copolymerization of amide‐functional vinyl ethers with isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) was achieved using SnCl4 in the presence of ethyl acetate at 0 °C: the number–average molecular weight of the obtained polymers increased in direct proportion to the monomer conversion with relatively low polydispersity, and the amide‐functional monomer units were introduced almost quantitatively. To optimize the reaction conditions, cationic polymerization of IBVE in the presence of amide compounds, as a model reaction, was also examined using various Lewis acids in dichloromethane. The combination of SnCl4 and ethyl acetate induced living cationic polymerization of IBVE at 0 °C when an amide compound, whose nitrogen is adjacent to a phenyl group, was used. The versatile performance of SnCl4 especially for achieving living cationic polymerization of various polar functional monomers was demonstrated in this study as well as in our previous studies. Thus, the specific properties of the SnCl4 initiating system are discussed by comparing with the EtxAlCl3?x systems from viewpoints of hard and soft acids and bases principle and computational chemistry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6129–6141, 2008 相似文献
94.
This review draws together published information on the occurrence and biogeochemical cycling of selenium, arsenic and tin in the nearshore marine environment of Australia. The selenium content of marine organisms is well documented but little information is available on the selenium content of waters and sediments. The speciation of selenium in organisms, water and sediments is unknown although it appears that selenium is associated with proteins. The occurrence and speciation of arsenic in marine organisms has been extensively studied, with arsonobetaine being isolated as the probable end-product of arsenic metabolism in marine food chains. However, organisms can produce other organoarsenic compounds, e.g. trimethylarsine oxide, which may be metabolized to toxic end-products. Little is known about the occurrence and speciation of arsenic in waters and sediments. Arsenic(V) is dominant in oxygenated waters, with appreciable quantities of arsenic(III) in some deoxygenated waters. There are few data for tin in water, sediments or organisms and no data on naturally occurring tin species. Tributyltin has been measured in water, sediment and organisms from areas affected by boating activity. 相似文献
95.
Eli Sutter Francisco Ivars‐Barcelo Peter Sutter 《Particle & Particle Systems Characterization》2014,31(8):879-885
Using transmission electron microscopy, the size‐dependent room temperature oxidation of tin nanoparticles is studied. The oxide that forms during room temperature oxidation of Sn particles is amorphous SnO, and it retains this stoichiometry and structure over extended time periods. From the investigation of arrays of Sn nanoparticles with broad size distribution, under identical conditions, the Sn oxide thickness is evaluated as a function of size and oxidation time. The oxide thickness depends strongly on the size of the Sn nanoparticles, which is in excellent agreement with predictions for a Mott–Cabrera model corrected for a non‐uniform electric field. The results demonstrate the accelerated oxidation kinetics of nanoscale particles with high curvature, due to the amplified electric field at the interface to a continuously shrinking metal core. 相似文献
96.
Jamil Hantash Alan Bartlett Georges Dénès Abdualhafeed Muntasar Philip Oldfield 《Hyperfine Interactions》2005,166(1-4):373-378
A new method of preparation of high performance fluoride ion conductor, BaSnF4, by water leaching of newly discovered barium tin(II) chloride fluorides, has been designed, and the materials have been studied and compared to the solid prepared by the usual dry method. The unit-cell parameters and crystallite dimensions were found to vary with the method of preparation. In addition, the crystallite dimensions were found to be highly anisotropic for the samples obtained by the wet method. The Mössbauer spectrum is made of a large tin(II) quadrupole doublet, and a broad tin(IV) oxide peak due to surface oxidation. The tin(II) spectrum is in agreement with covalently bonded tin(II) having a strongly stereoactive lone pair. An unusually high dependence of the quadrupole splitting at low temperatures was observed (5.8 times larger than for α-SnF2). 相似文献
97.
98.
A 119Sn Mössbauer study was carried out of tin(IV) complexes with 2-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (H2Bz4DH) and its N(4)-methyl (H2Bz4M) and N(4)-phenyl (H2Bz4Ph) derivatives: [Sn(2Bz4DH)Cl3] (1), [Sn(2Bz4DH)PhCl2] (2), [Sn(2Bz4M)Cl3] (3), [H22Bz4M]2[Ph2SnCl4] (4), [Sn(2Bz4Ph)PhCl2] (5), [Sn(2Bz4Ph)Ph2Cl] (6), in which H2Bz4R stands for the neutral ligand and 2Bz4R stands for the anionic thiosemicarbazone. In addition, 119Sn Mössbauer studies of the tin(IV) complexes [Sn(H4Bz4DH)2Cl4H2O] (7), [Sn(H4BzPS)2Cl4H2O] (8) with 4-benzoylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (H4Bz4DH) and the correspondent semicarbazone (H4BzPS) were performed. The isomer shifts decrease upon coordination due to the variation in the percentage of s character as tin changes from approximately sp3 hybridization in the tin salts to sp3d2 in the octahedral or sp3d3 in the heptahedral complexes. The Mössbauer parameters of compound (4) showed the existence of two tin(IV) sites, which have been attributed to the presence of the cis and trans isomers. 相似文献
99.
100.
Nathan Hollingsworth Graeme A. Horley Muhammed Mazhar Mary F. Mahon Kieran C. Molloy Peter W. Haycock Christopher P. Myers Gary W. Critchlow 《应用有机金属化学》2006,20(10):687-695
Tin(II) methoxide reacts with N,N′‐dimethylaminoethanol (dmaeH) to yield Sn(dmae)2 ( 1 ) along with small amounts of the hydrolysis product Sn6(O)4(dmae)4 ( 2 ). The geometrically more regular iso‐structural cage Sn6(O)4(OEt)4 ( 3 ) was obtained as the only tractable product isolated from reaction of 2 and Sb(OEt)3, while 1 reacted with CdX2 (X = acac, I) to afford Sn(dmae)2Cd(acac)2 ( 4 ) and Sn(dmae)2CdI2 ( 5 ). The X‐ray structures of 2, 3 and 4 are reported. Decomposition of 4 under aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition conditions leads to amorphous tin oxide films with no detectable cadmium (i.e. ca < 2% cadmium), rather than a stoichiometric Sn:Cd oxide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献