反物质稀缺之谜有望被揭开

一般认为,约在140亿年前宇宙诞生时,应该产生同等数量的粒子和反粒子,两者的质量相同,但电荷的正、负相反,按理说两者相遇就会湮灭生成光而消失.     

一锅法合成四芳基吡咯并[3,2-b]吡咯空穴传输材料及其在无掺杂倒置钙钛矿太阳电池的应用

本文采用一锅法合成了四芳基吡咯并[3,2-b]吡咯有机空穴输运材料(D41、D42、D43和D44),制备出无掺杂的倒置型平面钙钛矿太阳电池. 材料D41的芳环上含有甲基,具有供体-π-给体-π-供体结构;而D42、D43和D44具有受体-π-给体-π-受体结构,其中,芳环上分别含有氰基、氟和三氟甲基. 研究表明,芳环上取代基对其分子表面电荷分布和空穴输运层薄膜形貌有显著影响,钙钛矿晶体颗粒的大小与空穴输运材料分子结构有关,含有氰基的材料D42最有利于形成较大的钙钛矿晶粒,这主要是由于吡咯并[3,2-b]吡咯结构具有丰富的电子性质的缘故. D42制备的倒置型平面钙钛矿太阳电池光电转换效率为17.3%,在黑暗条件下22天后,仍保留了初始效率的55%. 吡咯并[3,2-b]吡咯结构具有良好的给电子特性,可作为高效钙钛矿薄膜的空穴传输材料.     

A general method for large-scale fabrication of Cu nanoislands/dragonfly wing SERS flexible substrates

Noble metal nanorough surfaces that support strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) is widely applied in the practical detection of organic molecules. A low-cost, large-area, and environment-friendly SERS-active substrate was acquired by sputtering inexpensive copper(Cu) on natural dragonfly wing(DW) with an easily controlled way of magnetron sputtering. By controlling the sputtering time of the fabrication of Cu on the DW, the performance of the SERS substrates was greatly improved. The SERS-active substrates, obtained at the optimal sputtering time(50 min),showed a low detection limit(10~(-6)M) to 4-aminothiophenol(4-ATP), a high average enhancement factor(EF, 1.98 × 10~4),excellent signal uniformity, and good reproducibility. In addition, the results of the 3D finite-difference time-domain(3 DFDTD) simulation illustrated that the SERS-active substrates provided high-density "hot spots", leading to a large SERS enhancement.     

A contrastive study on the influences of radial and three-dimensional satellite gravity gradiometry on the accuracy of the Earth's gravitational field recovery

The accuracy of the Earth’s gravitational field measured from the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE),up to 250 degrees,influenced by the radial gravity gradient V zz and three-dimensional gravity gradient V ij from the satellite gravity gradiometry(SGG) are contrastively demonstrated based on the analytical error model and numerical simulation,respectively.Firstly,the new analytical error model of the cumulative geoid height,influenced by the radial gravity gradient V zz and three-dimensional gravity gradient V ij are established,respectively.In 250 degrees,the GOCE cumulative geoid height error measured by the radial gravity gradient V zz is about 2 1/2 times higher than that measured by the three-dimensional gravity gradient V ij.Secondly,the Earth’s gravitational field from GOCE completely up to 250 degrees is recovered using the radial gravity gradient V zz and three-dimensional gravity gradient V ij by numerical simulation,respectively.The study results show that when the measurement error of the gravity gradient is 3×10 12 /s 2,the cumulative geoid height errors using the radial gravity gradient V zz and three-dimensional gravity gradient V ij are 12.319 cm and 9.295 cm at 250 degrees,respectively.The accuracy of the cumulative geoid height using the three-dimensional gravity gradient V ij is improved by 30%-40% on average compared with that using the radial gravity gradient V zz in 250 degrees.Finally,by mutual verification of the analytical error model and numerical simulation,the orders of magnitude from the accuracies of the Earth’s gravitational field recovery make no substantial differences based on the radial and three-dimensional gravity gradients,respectively.Therefore,it is feasible to develop in advance a radial cold-atom interferometric gradiometer with a measurement accuracy of 10 13 /s 2-10 15 /s 2 for precisely producing the next-generation GOCE Follow-On Earth gravity field model with a high spatial resolution.     

过饱和度对KDP晶体生长与光学性能的影响研究

在不同过饱和度的溶液中生长了KDP晶体,对生长晶体的透过率,光散射和激光损伤阈值进行了表征.研究了不同过饱和度对KDP晶体生长及光学性能的影响.实验表明:KDP晶体可以在高过饱和度(σ＞3;)溶液中实现快速生长,生长速度可大于10 mm/d;但随着溶液过饱和度的增加,KDP晶体生长溶液的稳定性降低,晶体容易出现包藏、开裂和添晶等缺陷,晶体的光学性能也随之降低.     

水溶性镧系位移试剂对羟基脯氨酸的手性识别

用¹H NMR和¹³ C NMR研究了水溶性镧系位移试剂Sm-pdta对反式-4-羟基脯氨酸的手性识别. 反式-4-羟基脯氨酸与Sm-pdta形成络合物后,其¹H NMR和¹³C NMR图谱的化学位移有所变化,手性碳附近的某些原子所对应的吸收峰裂分为2组信号,分别对应反式-4-羟基脯氨酸的两种对映异构体. 结果显示,对于反式-4-羟基脯胺酸, Sm-pdta是一个既方便又有效的手性位移试剂.     

谱有限元模拟正交各向异性黏弹性材料中导波传播特性

研究了导波在正交各向异性黏弹性复合板中传播的色散特性、波结构及功率流密度。基于二维平面运动方程,采用谱有限元方法得到了导波色散的特征方程。分析了正交各向异性黏弹性板中各向异性和黏性对能量速度和波结构的影响,以及基底对导波功率流密度的影响。数值研究结果表明:导波沿纤维方向传播的能量速度大,材料的黏性对速度影响较小,但会减小波结构的幅度;在高频时,基底的存在使两个基本模态的功率流密度分别集中到波导的上下表面,形成弱色散、高衰减及无色散、零衰减的表面波。数值模拟结果为导波用于复合材料定量无损检测和性能评价提供理论依据。      

长期荷载作用下CFST界面粘结损伤试验研究

为考察在役钢管混凝土界面粘结性能与荷载作用时间的关系,以荷载作用时间段为基本参数,完成了7根圆钢管混凝土试件的推出试验.试验结果表明,钢管混凝土界面粘结力随荷载作用时间的延长而减小.根据试验结果,得出各个试件的荷载—滑移曲线.基于ANSI/ACI308-1992混凝土养护规程,得出每个试件在荷载作用下的混凝土徐变应变.从损伤力学的角度出发,定义界面损伤变量,推导了混凝土徐变应变与损伤的关系.通过回归得出含损伤变量的界面粘结—滑移本构关系.     

单壁碳纳米角的氧化、修饰及分散性

研究了影响单壁碳纳米角(SWNHs)分散性的因素, 并初步探讨了其分散机制, 通过氧化及表面修饰等方法增强了SWNHs在水和盐溶液中的分散性. 考察了溶液酸碱度和电解质浓度对SWNHs在水中的分散性以及吐温80对SWNHs在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中的分散性的影响. 结果表明, pH值为6~10时, SWNHs分散良好; 电解质浓度越大, SWNHs的分散性越差; 吐温80能有效改善SWNHs在PBS中的分散性. 比较了3种SWNHs的氧化方法, 红外光谱、 X射线光电子能谱、 透射电镜、 粒度分析及Zeta电位分析结果表明, 氙灯催化过氧化氢氧化SWNHs的方法可引入大量含氧官能团, 显著提高了SWNHs在水中的分散性. 选择两亲性和生物相容性极好的羧基化磷脂聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG-COOH)修饰氧化处理后的碳纳米角(SWNHox), 并从分散稳定性和Zeta电位两个方面进行了表征, 发现用DSPE-PEG-COOH修饰的SWNHox在PBS中的分散性良好. 该研究为SWNHs应用于药物转运和生物传感奠定了实验基础.     

四甲基苯二甲基二异氰酸酯基水性聚氨酯的合成和性能

采用四甲基苯二甲基二异氰酸酯、聚酯二元醇和二羟甲基丙酸为原料,合成了一系列具有不同异氰酸根与羟基摩尔比（n(-NCO)/n(-OH)）的聚氨酯乳液。 研究了n(-NCO)/n(-OH)对水性聚氨酯性能的影响。 结果表明,当该比值增加时,乳液的粒径增大,分布变宽,结晶性降低,耐热性下降,耐水性能呈现降低的趋势。 当异氰酸根与羟基摩尔比为3时,四甲基苯二甲基二异氰酸酯基水性聚氨酯的乳液粒径为10～30 nm,膜的分解温度达到275 ℃,24 h吸水率低于10%。