疏水上转换纳米晶的均相体系聚合物包覆及在发光检测中的应用

选用水解的十八碳烯-马来酸酐共聚物(PMAO)为表面修饰分子,发展了一种以疏水纳米粒子吸附表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(Na YF_4-SDS)为中间体的均一液相聚合物包覆纳米粒子方法.该方法解决了油溶性纳米晶与弱极性聚合物分子难以在单一体系下均匀分散的问题,实现了在均一液相体系下对疏水纳米晶的单分散包覆以及表面羧酸官能团修饰.红外光谱与表面Zeta电位测试结果表明纳米晶已被聚合物包覆,粒子表面为强电负性的羧酸基团.电镜结果表明聚合物包覆的上转换纳米晶粒径无明显的变化,具有良好的单分散性.发射光谱表明聚合物包覆前后粒子的发射谱带无显著变化,保持了原油相粒子的发光性能.进一步的特异性识别荧光显微成像实验证实聚合物包覆后的粒子(Na YF_4-PMAO)可用于生物学检测.     

纳米银-多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极用于微分脉冲伏安法测定水中氯离子

用化学镀方法制备了纳米银覆盖多壁碳纳米管的复合材料,将其分散在水中配成1.0g·L~(-1)的悬浮液并滴涂在玻碳电极表面,制得纳米银-多壁碳纳米管修饰电极(nano Ag/MWCNT's/GCE)。用循环伏安法研究了在pH 6.0的磷酸盐支持电解质中,在—0.60～1.0V(vs.SCE)电位范围内,氯离子在nano Ag/MWCNT's/GCE上的电化学行为,结果表明:在氮气氛围中,修饰电极的氧化峰和还原峰分别位于0.19V和—0.20V电位处;随着氯离子浓度的增加,修饰电极的氧化峰电流降低,氯离子浓度在8.0×10~(-3)～0.1mol·L~(-1)之间与微分脉冲氧化峰电流的降低值呈线性关系。提出了用微分脉冲伏安法测定氯离子的方法,修饰电极用于自来水中氯离子的测定,回收率在98.5%～100.3%之间。     

以碳微球为核的金纳米壳球体的制备

通过水热合成法制备了单分散碳微球, 并以此单分散碳微球为核, 利用其表面修饰的银纳米粒子作为种子, 进一步还原制备了以碳微球为核、以金为壳的金纳米壳(Nanoshell)球体. 通过透射电子显微镜和紫外可见吸收光谱对其形态以及光谱性质进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 采用该种方法制备出来的碳微球具有良好的单分散性, 表面修饰简便快捷, 利用碳微球为核制备的金纳米壳球体尺寸可控, 在近红外范围内有强吸收. 实验结果证明该方法是制备金纳米壳球体的一种有效新方法.     

纳米金/多壁碳纳米管修饰电极伏安法测定2,4-二硝基苯酚

多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)和纳米金溶胶(AuNPs)经混合分散后修饰于玻碳电极表面,制成复合纳米材料修饰电极。采用循环伏安法研究了2,4-二硝基苯酚(2,4-DNP)在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,试验表明复合修饰电极对2,4-DNP具有良好的电催化作用。循环伏安曲线上观察到一对可逆的氧化还原峰,氧化峰电位为0.183V,还原峰电位为0.125V。同时对影响2,4-DNP电化学测量的试验条件进行了优化。在最佳条件下,2,4-DNP浓度在5.0×10-6~4.0×10-4 mol·L-1范围内与其氧化峰电流呈线性关系,在此基础上,提出了直接测定2,4-DNP的线性扫描伏安法,回收率在94.0%~104%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.0%~3.0%之间。     

不同形态双金属氢氧化物颗粒水分散体系及其稳定的Pickering乳液

采用共沉淀法制备了3种形态的MgAl双金属氢氧化物颗粒的水分散体系, 并以其为乳化剂制备了Pickering乳液. 比较了3种颗粒的分散体系及其稳定的Pickering乳液的性质. X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征结果表明, 低结晶度的颗粒以形状不规则、 结构疏松、 表面粗糙的絮状体形式分散于水中, 且颗粒尺寸随高速搅拌分散时间的延长而减小; 而良好结晶的颗粒以形状规则、 结构致密、 表面平滑的六角片存在于水中. Zeta电位测试表明, 3种颗粒在水中均带正电荷, NaCl可降低颗粒的Zeta电位而使其发生絮凝, 但良好结晶颗粒的分散体系在更高NaCl浓度时才出现明显沉淀. 分别采用3种双金属氢氧化物颗粒/NaCl水分散体系制备了水包油(O/W)型Pickering乳液, 并比较了乳液的稳定性. 结果表明, NaCl的引入在一定程度上可提高3类乳液的稳定性; 良好结晶颗粒稳定乳液的能力强于低结晶度的颗粒; 对于低结晶度颗粒, 大颗粒稳定乳液的能力比小颗粒更强.     

不同功能化基团修饰的硅壳纳米颗粒分散性研究

采用反相微乳液体系中功能化基团同步修饰(油相修饰)以及反相微乳液制备纳米颗粒后再通过功能化基团后续修饰(水相修饰)的方法分别制备了纯硅壳纳米颗粒(SiNP)、氨基化硅壳纳米颗粒(NSiNP)、羧基化硅壳纳米颗粒(CSiNP)和聚乙二醇硅壳纳米颗粒(PSiNP). 通过沉降时间和离心速度观察了不同方法获得的不同功能化基团修饰的硅壳纳米颗粒在水中的分散及稳定性, 并采用激光粒度仪、透射电子显微镜对分散效果进行了分析. 结果表明, 采用同一修饰方法分别制备的纳米颗粒在水中的分散及稳定性顺序是CSiNP≥PSiNP>SiNP>NSiNP; 油相修饰法获得的CSiNP和PSiNP的分散性要优于水相修饰法获得的. PSiNP和CSiNP在Hela细胞表面的非特异性吸附非常小, 而NSiNP却显示了强烈的细胞非特异性吸附.     

纳米ZnO修饰电极上低电位检测烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸和乙醇

纳米ZnO修饰玻碳电极在0.23 V对烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)的氧化具有很好的催化活性, 与裸电极上NADH的氧化电位0.70 V相比, 该电位降低了0.47 V, 同时增强了抗干扰能力, 并在很大程度上减小了电极污染. 以乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)为例, 制备了ADH/ZnO修饰电极, 可用于脱氢酶底物乙醇的快速、灵敏检测, 并具有良好的重现性和稳定性. 研究表明纳米ZnO为构建脱氢酶底物的电化学传感器提供了一种新的生物兼容性材料.     

基于明胶-碳纳米管的辣根过氧化物酶修饰电极在离子液体中的直接电化学

制备了明胶(Gel)-多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)纳米复合物,将其修饰在玻碳电极表面,再吸附辣根过氧化物酶(HRP),制得明胶-多壁碳纳米管-辣根过氧化物酶修饰电极(Gel-MWCNTs-HRP/GCE).该修饰电极在PBS中的循环伏安图上出现了一对峰形良好、几乎对称的氧化还原峰,式量电位为-0.356 V(vs.SCE),表明包埋在Gel-MWCNTs中的HRP与电极之间发生了直接电子传递.当扫速在20 ～ 180 mV/s时,氧化峰电流(Ipa)与还原峰电流(Ipc)均与扫速成正比,表明电极过程是受电子传递速率控制的表面传质过程.运用循环伏安法研究了修饰电极的电化学特性,探讨了工作电位、pH值、干扰物质等对修饰电极的影响.实验结果表明,HRP在修饰电极表面能有效和稳定地进行直接电子转移,并保持了其对过氧化氢(H2O2)的生物催化活性.进一步研究发现,在含有亲水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸([BMIM]BF4)的溶液中,修饰电极对H2O2显示出更灵敏的催化活性,其线性范围为2.0×10-7～0.13 mol/L,检出限(S/N =3)为2.3×10-8 mol/L.该电极具有灵敏度高、重现性及稳定性好、使用寿命较长等优点,同时还显示了较好的抗干扰能力.     

纳米氧化镍修饰电极电化学测定水中痕量砷(Ⅲ)

采用循环伏安法在玻碳电极(GCE)表面电沉积了氧化镍纳米粒子,制备了纳米氧化镍粒子修饰玻碳电极(NiO-GCE).采用交流阻抗法和循环伏安法对固载纳米氧化镍的玻碳电极的结构和性能进行表征.研究发现:在pH 7.5的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,在0.9 V电位处,NiO-GCE对砷(Ⅲ)具有良好的催化性能,氧化峰电流与砷(Ⅲ)的浓度在1.5×10-6～3.8×10-4mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为5.0×10-7mol·L-1.     

芦丁在铂纳米/碳纳米管修饰电极上电化学行为研究

通过电沉积的方式在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)修饰玻碳电极表面上沉积铂(pt)纳米粒子,并运用循环伏安法(CV)、示差脉冲伏安法(DPV)探讨了芦丁在铂纳米/碳纳米管/玻碳电极上的电化学行为.实验结果表明,芦丁在该修饰电极上呈现一对良好氧化还原峰,其氧化峰电流与浓度在3.2×10(-8)～1.2×10(-5)mol/L...     

Photodynamic release of fullerenes from within carbon nanohorn

We have found that oxidized single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHox) can exhibit a near-infrared (NIR) laser-triggered accelerated release of encapsulated fullerenes (C₆₀) from within their inner nanospaces. After the NIR laser irradiation of an aqueous SWNHox encapsulating C₆₀ solution/toluene biphasic system, C₆₀ molecules are enriched in the toluene phase. NIR laser-driven SWNHs encapsulating substrates could initiate the development of a new range of drug-delivery systems.     

Control of hole opening in single-wall carbon nanotubes and single-wall carbon nanohorns using oxygen

Due to the simplicity of the process, holes in the graphene walls of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) have often been opened using O2 gas at high temperatures, even though this contaminates the nanotubes with carbonaceous dust (C-dust). To open holes with less C-dust contamination, we found that a slow temperature increase of 1 degrees C/min or less, in air, was effective. We also found that SWNHs having little C-dust could store a large quantity of materials inside the tubes. We infer that the local temperature increase due to the exothermic reaction of combustion may have been suppressed in the slow combustion process, which was effective in reducing the C-dust.     

Synthesis, characterization, and photoinduced electron transfer in functionalized single wall carbon nanohorns

Single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) are a new class of material that is closely related to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a series of SWNHs functionalized with ethylene glycol chains and porphyrins. Functionalization of carbon nanohorns has been achieved using two different synthetic protocols: (1) direct attack of a free amino group on the nanohorn sidewalls (nucleophilic addition) and (2) amidation reaction of the carboxylic functions in oxidized nanohorns. The nanohorn derivatives have been characterized by a combination of several techniques, and the electronic properties of the porphyrin/nanohorn assemblies (SWNH/H2P) have been investigated by electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and a series of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry curve of nanohorn/porphyrin conjugate 6 showed a continuum of faradic and pseudocapacitive behavior, which is associated with multiple-electron transfers to and from the SWNHs. Superimposed on such a pseudocapacitive current, the curve also displays three discrete reduction peaks at -2.26, -2.57, and -2.84 V and an oxidation peak at 1.12 V (all attributed to the porphyrin moiety). Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence demonstrated a quenching of the fluorescence of the porphyrin in SWNH/H2P conjugates 5 and 6 compared to the reference free base porphyrin. Transient absorption spectra permitted the electron-transfer process between the porphyrins and the carbon nanostructures to be highlighted.     

Isolating single-wall carbon nanohorns as small aggregates through a dispersion method

An approach to isolating small aggregates of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) is presented. SWNHs are ultrasonically treated in an aqueous solution of surfactant, resulting in dispersion of SWNH aggregates. Subsequent centrifuging enables the separation of small aggregates from larger aggregates or agglomerations and removal of graphitic particles (GG balls), the main impurity. The SWNHs obtained in this way were purified and formed small aggregates, thus exhibiting characteristics superior to those of SWNHs before treatment. We believe that the ability to isolate small SWNH aggregates in an aqueous solution should contribute to their application in the fields of biological sensing and drug delivery systems.     

Synthesis of ultrafine Gd2O3 nanoparticles inside single-wall carbon nanohorns

The large diameter of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) allows various molecules to be easily incorporated in hollow nanospaces. In this report, we prove that the nanospaces of SWNHs even work as the chemical reaction field at high temperature; that is, Gd-acetate clusters inside SWNHs were transformed into ultrafine Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles with their particle size retained even after heat-treatment at 700 degrees C. This indicates that the confinement of the Gd-acetate clusters in a deep potential well of the SWNH nanospaces prevented a migration to form larger particles, giving rise to ultrafine Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles of 2.3 nm in average diameter, which is much smaller than the case without SWNHs. The Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles thus obtained were demonstrated to be actually useful to the magnetic resonance imaging. We believe that the presented effectiveness of the inner hollow spaces of SWNHs, therefore, also those of the carbon nanotubes, for high-temperature chemical reactions should be highlighted, and that the thus produced novel nanomaterials are promising to expand the fields of nanoscience.     

Changes in the fluorescence spectrum of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes induced by light-assisted oxidation with hydroperoxide

Through fluorescence-spectrum measurements, we investigated the effects of light-assisted oxidation with H2O2 (LAOx) on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that were individually dispersed in an aqueous solution of surfactant. The intensities of the fluorescence spectra were decreased remarkably by the LAOx when the light's wavelength was 400-500 nm and a little when 600-700 nm. The spectrum intensity did not recover even when the pH was restored to an original value of 6.5. The spectra changed little when the LAOx wavelength was 500-600 nm or the light was not irradiated. In addition, the effect of LAOx on SWNTs was related to the diameters of SWNTs. We inferred that these phenomena reflected that H2O2 was dissociated by absorbing the fluorescence light emitted from optically excited SWNTs, which, in turn, accelerated the burning out of SWNTs.     

Evaluation of the performance of single‐walled carbon nanohorns in capillary electrophoresis

This paper describes for the first time the use of single‐walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) as pseudostationary and stationary phases for EKC and CEC, respectively, taking advantage of their characteristic features, such as conical‐end termination, formation of spherical assemblies dahlia‐flower like superstructure and easy functionalization. The use of SWNHs as pseudostationary phase for EKC required the study of their dispersion in different surfactants as well as their compatibility with the electrophoretic system. The carboxylation and subsequent immobilization of carboxylated SWNHs in fused‐silica capillary to obtain useful, reproducible and stable stationary phases for CEC has also been investigated, with promising results. The electrophoretic separations obtained for water‐soluble vitamins in both modalities (EKC and CEC) have been systematically compared with those obtained with single‐walled carbon nanotubes.     

Surface‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Detection of Biomolecules by Using Functional Single‐Walled Carbon Nanohorns as the Matrix

A surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric (SALDI‐TOF MS) method was developed for the analysis of small biomolecules by using functional single‐walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) as matrix. The functional SWNHs could transfer energy to the analyte under laser irradiation for accelerating its desorption and ionization, which led to low matrix effect, avoided fragmentation of the analyte, and provided high salt tolerance. Biomolecules including amino acids, peptides, and fatty acids could successfully be analyzed with about 3‐ and 5‐fold higher signals than those obtained using conventional matrix. By integrating the advantages of SWNHs and the recognition ability of aptamers, a selective approach was proposed for simultaneous capture, enrichment, ionization, and MS detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This method showed a greatly improved detection limit (1.0 μM ) for the analysis of ATP in complex biological samples. This newly designed protocol not only opened a new application of SWNHs, but also offered a new technique for selective MS analysis of biomolecules based on aptamer recognition systems.     

Nanoporosities and catalytic activities of Pd-tailored single wall carbon nanohorns

The nanoporosities and catalytic activities of Pd nanoparticles dispersed on single wall carbon nanohorns (Pd-SWCNHs) and oxidized single wall carbon nanohorns (Pd-ox-SWCNHs) were examined. A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that Pd nanoparticles of 2-3 nm size were highly dispersed on both the SWCNHs. X-ray photoelectron spectra and N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K illustrated the differences in the deposition process mechanisms of the Pd-SWCNHs and Pd-ox-SWCNHs; the deposition process depended on the surface functional groups. The supercritical H2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K suggested the relationships between the interaction of Pd-SWCNHs and Pd-ox-SWCNHs with H2 and the catalytic activities for a water formation reaction in a gas phase at 273 or 298 K. The catalytic activity measurement and TEM observation of the catalysts after the reactions demonstrated that the Pd-SWCNHs and Pd-ox-SWCNHs are promising catalysts.     

Studies on the adsorption of organic materials inside thick carbon nanotubes

We clarified the adsorption sites inside the single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs), a type of single-wall carbon nanotubes having thick diameters of 2-5 nm, through the thermogravimetric analysis of the desorption of xylene and benzene from SWNHs. The influence of the sizes of holes piercing through the SWNH walls was also examined. Three types of adsorption sites were found inside the SWNH tubes, which were assigned to the tube tips, the sidewalls, and central regions of the hollow spaces. The experimental results also suggested that the adsorbed xylene and benzene were stabilized mainly by weak self-interactions at the central regions and their quick desorption was caused by the weak self-interactions.