CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑非病毒递送系统

规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列及相关蛋白9(CRISPR/Cas9)系统的基因编辑技术为哺乳细胞基因组的精准修饰与编辑研究提供了高效、快捷的工具,但其化学生物学应用依然面临着CRISPR基因编辑工具Cas9蛋白和g RNA的细胞及活体递送等问题.近年来,研究人员通过开发多种非病毒递送载体,实现了编码CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑工具的DNA和信使RNA(mRNA)以及Cas9/gRNA核糖核蛋白(RNP)复合物的递送,并应用于靶基因的化学修饰与编辑调控.本文主要概述了近期CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑递送的研究进展,并对其化学生物学应用前景进行了展望.     

空心氮掺杂碳球锚定单原子铁位点用于高效电催化氧还原反应（英文）

本研究将单原子分散的Fe-N₄位点锚定在氮掺杂空心多孔碳球上用于电催化氧还原反应,研究表明,所制备的FeSAs/HNCSs-800催化剂表现出优异的电催化氧还原性能,其起始电位为0.925 V,半波电位为0.867 V。球差电镜和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱证实了催化剂中存在高度分散的Fe-N₄单原子位点。通过密度泛函理论计算证明单原子Fe-N₄位点是氧还原反应有效的活性位点,其相邻的C缺陷可以有效调控单原子Fe的电子结构,进而提高电催化氧还原性能。     

CoO纳米颗粒/石墨烯纳米纤维复合材料的制备及电化学性能

用石墨烯和Co(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O作为原料,利用超声辅助法合成了锂离子电池的负极材料CoO纳米颗粒/中空石墨烯纳米纤维复合物.采用X射线衍射(XRD)确定材料的物相组成,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察材料的表面形貌和微观结构,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)确定材料的价态结构.采用循环伏安、恒电流充放电和交流阻抗谱表征材料的电化学性能.结果显示,在100 mA/g的电流密度下,循环了160次后,可逆容量仍超过800 mA/g,库仑效率保持在99%以上.该材料优异的电化学性能主要归因于石墨烯的中空纤维结构,中空内部可以容纳电解液,能直接将离子输送到颗粒表面,实现了离子的快速传输;二维中空纤维搭建成三维网络结构,实现了三维电子传导网络.     

微波辅助法合成硼、氮掺杂碳点用于检测抗坏血酸

以乙二胺为碳源和氮源,4-羟基苯硼酸为硼掺杂剂,采用微波辅助法一步合成了硼、氮掺杂碳点(B,N-CDs)。通过透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、X射线光电子能谱对其形貌、光学性质等进行表征。B,N-CDs的最大激发和发射波长分别为400和510 nm。以硫酸奎宁为参照,B,N-CDs的相对量子产率为9.94%。Fe³⁺的存在可使此CDs的荧光猝灭,而抗坏血酸(AA)可通过将Fe³⁺还原为Fe²⁺,使B,N-CDs的荧光恢复,基于此,建立了一种检测AA的荧光分析方法。本方法对AA具有良好的选择性,在1.0～80.0μmol/L浓度范围内,B,N-CDs的荧光恢复程度与AA的浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.49μmol/L(S/N=3)。将此方法应用于果汁中AA的测定,结果较好。     

基于镍基纳米材料电化学传感器的α-糖苷酶抑制剂筛选方法研究

采用多周期的电化学循环伏安(CV)法在泡沫镍(NF)上一步制备了镍基纳米材料修饰电极(Ni(OH)₂/NF)用于α-糖苷酶抑制剂的酶抑制活性评价,并基于此建立了一种简便的中药糖苷酶抑制剂筛选方法。采用X射线粉末衍射仪和扫描电镜表征修饰电极表面的结构和形貌;采用CV法和计时电流法测试电极的电化学性能。结果表明,Ni(OH)₂/NF传感器检测复杂酶体系中的葡萄糖具有良好的电化学响应,灵敏度高达3222μA·mmol/(L·cm²),线性范围为3.0～6000μmol/L,检出限低至0.9μmol/L (S/N=3)。采用临床降糖药物阿卡波糖验证了此传感器用于α-糖苷酶活性检测的可行性;并将传感器应用于莲须提取液的酶抑制效果评价,发现莲须具有一定的α-糖苷酶抑制活性,其半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为3.31 g/L。本研究结果表明,研制的传感器适用于α-糖苷酶抑制活性分析,为天然降糖药物筛选提供了一种新方法。     

纳米流式检测技术用于益生菌产品的细菌活性及上消化道耐受性分析

活菌含量和上消化道耐受性是益生菌产品的两个重要指标,共同影响最终定植于人体肠道的活菌数,准确评估这两个指标对于消费者选择产品和生产者提升产品质量具有重要的指导意义。基于本研究组研发的纳米流式检测技术（Nano-flow cytometry, nFCM）在单颗粒水平对细菌进行高灵敏度、高通量分析的独特优势,本研究利用SYTO 9和碘化丙啶（Propidium iodide, PI）两种核酸染料共染的方法标记总菌和识别死菌,对益生菌产品的活菌含量及其经模拟胃液（Simulated gastric juice, SGJ）、肠液（Simulated intestinal juice, SIJ）或上消化道消化处理后的益生菌活性进行测定,从而实现对益生菌产品的细菌活性及其上消化道耐受性的定量评估。本研究对18款益生菌产品（包括16款粉末冲剂和2款胶囊产品）的活菌含量及上消化道耐受性进行考察,结果表明,18款产品的活菌含量均大于1010cells/package,平均活菌比例为61.7%,均符合国际标准（107cfu/g）,但是其中有一款产品未达到其活菌含量的标注值。其次,使用pH=3的SGJ和胆盐...     

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

Dimethyl furan-2, 5-dicarboxylate (DMFDCA) is a valuable biomass-derived chemical that is an ideal alternative to fossil-derived terephthalic acid as a monomer for polymers. The one-step oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to DMFDCA is of practical significance. It not only shortens the reaction pathway but also avoids the separation process of intermediates; thus, reducing cost. In this work, non-noble bimetallic catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoMn@NC) were synthesized via a one-step co-pyrolysis procedure using different pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of metal precursors and additives. We employed the prepared CoMn@NC catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of HMF under mild reaction conditions to obtain DMFDCA. High-yield DMFDCA was obtained by screening the prepared catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, including the strength and amount of the base, as well as the reaction temperature. The optimized yield of DMFDCA was 85% over the Co₃Mn₂@NC-800 catalyst after 12 h at 50 ℃ using ambient-pressure oxygen. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using a variety of characterization techniques, the factors affecting the performance of each catalyst were investigated, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and performance of the prepared catalysts was elucidated. A porous structure with a high surface area had a positive effect on mass transfer efficiency. Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and atomically dispersed Mn were coordinated to N-doped carbon to form M―N_x (where M = Co or Mn). Based on the Mott-Schottky effect, there was significant electron transfer between each metal and the N-doped carbon, additionally, the metal NPs supplied electrons to the carbon atoms. The electron-deficient metal site in the pyridinic N-rich carbon was beneficial for the activation of HMF and oxygen. The activation of oxygen produced reactive oxygen species (such as superoxide radical anions) to ensure high selectivity to DMFDCA through dehydrogenative oxidation of the hemiacetal intermediate and hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-furoate. The existence of disordered and defective carbons increased the number of active sites. Subsequently, we performed a series of control experiments. Based on our current experimental results and previous studies, we propose a simple mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DMFDCA. The catalyst was stable, its performance decreased slightly after two cycles, and it was tolerant to SCN⁻ ions and resistant against N or S poisoning. Furthermore, the use of this catalytic system can be expanded to various substituted aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohols with different substituents, furfuryl alcohol, and heterocyclic alcohols. Simultaneously, the product type was further extended from methyl esters to ethyl esters with a high yield when the substrate reacted with ethanol. In conclusion, this catalytic system can be applied in the production of carboxylic esters for polymers.     

乙二醇基炭黑色浆的制备及其性能

通过超细分散法制备了乙二醇基炭黑色浆,采用单因素变量法阐明分散剂与炭黑质量比、研磨时间和研磨转速对炭黑粒径的影响规律,通过正交实验优化炭黑分散工艺来制备乙二醇基炭黑色浆,并对炭黑在乙二醇溶液中的形貌结构及其分散状态进行了观察。结果表明,分散剂与炭黑质量比为1∶10、研磨时间为180 min、研磨转速为3500 r/min时,炭黑的分散效果最好,平均粒径为170.89 nm,并且在乙二醇溶液中的离心稳定性在90%以上,耐热稳定性在90%以上,具有良好的储存稳定性。     

基于花生壳碳点快速检测饮料中日落黄和柠檬黄

以一步水热法合成的强荧光性花生壳碳点（PE-CDs）为荧光探针,建立了简单、灵敏快速检测饮料中着色剂日落黄和柠檬黄的方法。日落黄和柠檬黄分别与荧光PE-CDs结合发生静态猝灭作用。在最优条件下,日落黄溶液浓度在6.8～1130μg/mL、柠檬黄溶液浓度在0.2～50μg/mL范围内,都与PE-CDs的荧光猝灭程度呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别为9.3 ng/mL和0.38 ng/mL。对饮料样品中的日落黄和柠檬黄进行测定,回收率分别为96.3%～105.0%和95.0%～106.7%。     

梯度共聚物接枝纳米粒子的合成及其力学性能

通过RAFT聚合制备了3种不同序列(无规、嵌段及梯度)的丙烯酸正丁酯(BA)/甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)二元共聚物(PBA-r-PMMA、PBA-b-PMMA、PBA-g-PMMA),以及2种含可交联侧链的聚甲基丙烯酸酰氧基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(PTEPM)的三元共聚物PTEPM-b-(PBA-g-PMMA)和PTEPM-b-(PBA-r-PMMA),三元共聚物中PBA/PMMA分别为无规和梯度结构.这5个共聚物中PBA/PMMA段具有相近的分子量和组分比.三元共聚物通过共组装及交联后得到球状的共聚物接枝纳米粒子NP-(PBA-g-PMMA)和NP-g-(PBA-rPMMA). DSC结果表明NP-(PBA-g-PMMA)和PBA-g-PMMA具有较宽的玻璃化转变温度区间(～130℃),证明成功合成了梯度共聚物和接枝梯度共聚物的纳米粒子.通过DMA测试和变温拉伸测试发现,在升温过程中梯度结构二元共聚物及其对应的纳米复合材料力学性能呈现渐进式变化,而无规或嵌段对应物力学性能呈现突变,原因是前者具有较宽的玻璃化转变过程.由于无机内核的作用,NP-(PBA-g-PMMA)和NP-(PBA-r-PM...