In search of physical parameters influenced by flow patterns in a heterogeneous two-phase mixture in microchannels using concomitant measurements

Space transportation systems require high-performance thermal protection and fluid management for systems ranging from cryogenic fluid devices to primary structures, and for propulsion systems exposed to extremely high temperatures, and other space systems, e.g., integrated circuits and cooling/environment control devices for advanced space suits. Although considerable developmental effort is underway to bring promising technologies to a readiness level for practical use, new and innovative methods are still needed. One such method is the Advanced Micro Cooling Module (AMCM), essentially a compact two-phase heat exchanger constructed of microchannels and designed to rapidly remove large quantities of heat from critical systems by incorporating phase transition. This paper describes the results of experimental research in two-phase flow phenomena, encompassing both an experimental and an analytical approach to the incorporation of flow patterns for air–water mixtures flowing in microchannels. Specifically addressed are: (1) design and construction of a sensitive two-phase experimental system which measures both ac and dc components of in situ physical mixture parameters including spatial concentration, using concomitant methods; (2) data acquisition and analysis in the amplitude, time, and frequency domains; and (3) analysis of results including evaluation of in situ physical parameters, and assessment of their validity for application in flow pattern determination.     

Studies on the Effect of Organic Solvents and Temperature on the Micellar Solution of Pentamethylene-1,5-bis(tetradecyldimethylammonium bromide) Gemini Surfactant

Effects of three organic solvents, viz. methyl cellosolve, acetonitrile, and formamide, on the micellization process of Gemini surfactant pentamethylene-1,5-bis(tetradecyldimethylammonium bromide) aqueous solutions, with the volume percentages of the organic solvents up to 50%, have been investigated conductometrically. The studies were made at different temperatures and the data were used to find out different micellization parameters. From the study, it was observed that, although an increment in the amount of the organic solvents delays the micellization, the increase in the critical micelle concentration (cmc) is comparatively less below 20%(v/v) showing the predominance of water character in the bulk phase at lower compositions of the organic solvents. Applying equilibrium model for micelle formation, various thermodynamic parameters were also calculated from the temperature dependence of the cmc values and the results show that the micellization process becomes less spontaneous as the volume % of the organic solvent increases in the system due to the action of water-organic solvent mixed media as better solvent than pure water (solvophobic effect) for the studied Gemini molecules.     

MULTIPLE EMULSIONS STABILIZED BY COLLOIDAL MICROGRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE

Multiple emulsions stabilized by colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (CMCC, Avicel RC591) at the w/o and o/w interfaces, and by the addition of Span 80 or Span 85 at the w/o interface, were studied by means of brightfield microscopy, freeze-etch electron microscopy, droplet size distribution analysis and rheologic measurements. Stable multiple emulsions were prepared by incorporation of sodium chloride in the innermost aqueous phase, thereby creating an osmotic gradient preventing loss of the inner aqueous phase to the external aqueous phase. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of the multiple emulsions indicated the presence of a network of microcrystalline cellulose at the outer o/w interface. It may be assumed that the surfactant directly stabilized the w/o interface by adsorption at the interface, as well as indirectly by facilitating wetting of the microcrystalline cellulose by the oil. From rheologic measurements, the existence of a three-dimensional network in the external aqueous phase was indicated by the considerable degrees of thlxotropy and significant static yield values of these multiple emulsions.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Silicone Modified Polyurethane Surfactant Useable at High Temperature

A series of novel silicone modified polyurethane (Si-PU) surfactants were successfully synthesized by using hydroxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HPMS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and isophoronediisocyanate (IPDI). The chemical structure of the surfactant was confirmed by FTIR and ¹H-NMR. TEM photographs showed that the micelles of the Si-PU surfactants dispersed in aqueous solution were spherical with the particle size in the range of 100–400 nm. Surface tension measurements indicated that these surfactants had low surface tension to 29.9 mN·m^?1and a definite critical micelle concentration to, approximately 5.0×10^?4–7.5×10^?4mol·L^?1. When the content of HPMS was 20 wt%, the surfactant's, emulsifying performance was superior to the traditionally available Span80/Tween80 mixed emulsifiers. In addition to that, no phase transition temperature was detected from 20°C to 90°C by fluorescence probe and DSC measurements, confirming the high thermal stability of the micelles.     

基于TDLAS技术的CH4气体检测与温度补偿方法

CH₄气体的精准检测对防止矿井瓦斯爆炸,确保安全生产至关重要。目前基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）存在因温度变化导致气体浓度测量误差较大。探究了基于TDLAS的CH₄气体检测系统与温度补偿方法,分析温度对CH₄气体吸收谱线的影响,通过算法补偿模型消除环境温度对CH₄气体检测的影响。依据TDLAS技术原理及相关理论,对系统发射单元、吸收池、信号接收单元、数据处理单元进行设计,搭建了基于TDLAS技术的CH₄气体浓度检测系统,实验检测了不同环境温度（10~50 ℃）时0.04%CH₄气体浓度,分析温度变化对CH₄气体在波长为1.653 μm处吸收谱线强度和半宽度的影响。为消除温度对CH₄气体检测的影响并提高补偿效果,采用粒子群优化算法（PSO）优化BP神经网络（BPNN）的最佳权值和阈值,建立CH₄气体的PSO-BP温度补偿模型,克服了BP神经网络收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最优的缺点。结果表明：（1）基于TDLAS的CH₄气体检测浓度随环境温度升高而下降,整个实验温度内相对误差范围为4.25%~12.13%,不同环境温度下CH₄气体检测浓度与温度之间的关系可用一元三次多项式表示;（2）CH₄气体的吸收强度和半宽度随着温度的升高而下降,与温度变化之间的关系为单调递减函数,温度对CH₄气体吸收谱线强度的相对变化率大于吸收谱线半宽度的相对变化率,CH₄气体吸收谱线的强度更容易受温度变化的影响;（3）BP神经网络和PSO-BP模型测试样本的绝对平均误差（MAE）分别为12.88%和1.81%,平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分别为2.3%和0.3%,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为15.96%和2.69%,相关系数R2分别为0.980 6和0.999 6。通过建立PSO-BP温度补偿模型,补偿效果大部分分布在±1.0%的误差范围内,MAE,MAPE,RMSE和R2等评价指标均大幅度提升,对提高TDLAS技术在矿井CH₄的精准检测具有一定的参考意义。     

大庆地区城市污泥中重金属元素含量水平调查与分析

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定了大庆市四座生活污水处理厂污泥中重金属元素含量,平行测定的相对标准偏差在1.6%~4.6%,加标回收率在93.6%~102.1%,表明方法的精密度和准确度都较好,四个污水处理厂污泥中重金属总量大小依次为ZnCuCrPbNiCd,锌的含量高可能与城市排水管道大多采用镀锌材料以及锌的理化性质有关。将其含量水平与标准比较发现:大庆城市污泥中重金属含量水平不高,完全符合《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的重金属标准,为城市污泥处理、处置和环境管理提供可靠的数据支持。     

Effect of bovine serum albumin on the surface properties of ionic liquid-type Gemini surfactant

The effect of bovine serum albumin on the surface properties of IL-type gemini surfactant ([C₁₀-4-C₁₀im]Br₂), have been investigated by surface tension method. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) as a function of BSA concentrations at various temperatures was investigated. The CMC of [C₁₀-4-C₁₀im]Br₂ increases with increasing the concentration of BSA as well as the temperature of the system. The interfacial parameters viz; maximum surface excess concentration (Γ_max), the minimum area per molecule (A_min), and surface pressure at CMC (Π_cmc) were calculated. In addition, thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization were evaluated by using surface tension data. The results indicated that the binding of [C₁₀-4-C₁₀im]Br₂ to BSA is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The process is entropy driven and hydrophobic interactions are the major driving forces.     

Fouling Mitigation in a Heat Exchanger: High Cycles of Concentration for a Cooling-Tower Application

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of a physical water treatment (PWT) technology on fouling mitigation in a simulated cooling tower operating at high cycles of concentration. Hard water was produced by evaporating pure water in a circulating open cooling tower, where dissolved calcium carbonate ions became concentrated with time. Heat transfer tests were conducted in a rectangular channel by varying the cycle of concentration (COC) from 5 to 10, and fouling resistances were measured over 270 hrs for each case with and without the PWT treatment. Another test was conducted with no blowdown case with and without the PWT treatment. The fouling resistance at 5 cycles with the PWT treatment was about 70% less than that in the case without the PWT treatment at the end of 270-hr tests. Even at 10 cycles, the PWT treatment reduced the fouling resistance by 60% from the value for the no treatment case. Thus, one can conclude that the PWT technology can help circulating cooling-tower water at relatively high COC for significant freshwater conservation, while keeping fouling resistances below industry standards.