电化学传感分析平台测定污水中的Cr(VI)

结合微型电化学仪器,研究了一种快速、便携、灵敏的Cr(VI)电化学传感分析平台,用于污水中Cr(VI)的检测。采用三电极体系,差分脉冲阴极溶出伏安法(DPCSV),记录伏安曲线中Cr(VI)的还原峰。Cr(VI)的溶出峰电流与其浓度在2～500 μmol L-1范围内有良好的线性关系,测得Cr(VI)的检测限为0.55 μmol L-1 (28.60 g L-1),达到了国际卫生组织（WHO）规定的饮用水中Cr(VI)的最高含量50 g L-1。测得镀铬厂废水中Cr(VI)含量为2.03 mol L-1,与国标法中光谱学分析法的结果基本一致。该法重现性好、灵敏度高,使其应用在现场实时监测环境中的Cr(VI)具有很大的潜力。     

水系钠离子电池的研究进展及实用化挑战

水系钠离子电池因其安全性高、成本低、环境友好等突出优势近些年来受到了广泛而深入的研究, 在取得巨大进展的同时也逐步开始了产业化进程. 但是与有机体系二次电池相比, 水系钠离子电池仍然极大地受限于电解液较窄的电化学稳定窗口和电极材料较差的循环稳定性. 迄今为止, 如何解决上述问题依然是这一领域发展的关键. 本综述主要概述了水系钠离子电池电极材料、电解液以及集流体的最新进展, 分析了开发高性能水系钠离子电池的挑战和可能的解决策略, 并进一步讨论了水系钠离子电池的发展前景.     

基于循环生成对抗网络的大视场显微成像方法

提出了一种利用循环生成对抗网络实现由大视场、低分辨率染色图像生成与之相匹配的高分辨率虚拟染色图像的方法,在完成了对细胞虚拟染色的同时,解决了传统光学显微镜的大视场与高分辨率两个目标无法同时满足的问题。首先,进行了理论验证,通过对选定图像的分辨率分级缩放模拟实际分辨率变化,训练对应的算法模型并与真实图像相比较,结果在主观与客观上均符合设想预期。在完成理论验证的基础上,分别进行了由10倍、4倍低分辨率真实染色图像生成25倍高分辨率虚拟染色图像的实验。通过主观视觉与客观评价指标进行评价,得到结构相似性、峰值信噪比和归一化均方根误差三个指标的具体数据。结果显示,通过循环生成对抗网络生成的虚拟染色图像与真实染色图像间的相似度较高,虚拟生成效果很好。     

褐煤热泵预干燥超临界CO2循环发电系统理论研究

褐煤含水量高,直接燃烧发电存在效率低、投资大的问题。为此,本文提出了一种集成褐煤热泵预干燥的超临界二氧化碳循环发电系统,并建立了超临界二氧化碳循环发电系统和褐煤热泵预干燥系统的耦合计算模型,以某660 MW发电系统为例,对直燃褐煤发电系统和褐煤热泵预干燥发电系统进行对比分析。结果表明：褐煤发电系统通过热泵干燥褐煤可以使系统发电效率提高1.44%,发电标准煤耗率降低8.06 g·(k Wh)^-1;分析发现,预干燥褐煤使得锅炉燃烧损降低高达4.47%,排烟耗散降低0.35%,从而使系统效率提高1.29%,燃烧损和排烟耗散降低是系统节能的主要原因;干燥机效率、褐煤干燥程度和热泵COP越高,褐煤热泵预干燥发电系统节能效果越显著。     

跨膜浓度梯度对渗透压囊泡循环活性的调控

本文通过分析囊泡在膨胀状态与孔隙状态的动力学行为,揭示调控膨胀拉伸能与孔隙势能的内在物理参量.建立递推微分方程的分析模型,该模型提供了膨胀-破裂循环特征量膨胀系数在各个循环中初始跨膜浓度梯度依赖性的定量信息.研究得出,通过增加初始跨膜浓度梯度,可加快膨胀系数增长速率(循环数为1时,初始跨膜浓度梯度增加3倍,膨胀系数增长速率增加2.65倍);随着循环数的增多,膨胀系数的增长由线性转变为非线性.此外,初始跨膜浓度梯度与循环次数密切相关,我们的模型计算预测增加初始跨膜浓度梯度可实现循环次数的增多.研究结果为靶组织以可编程方式释放活性生物治疗剂的发展提供了具有实际意义的理论依据.     

纳米Ag/TiO_(2)纳米管阵列基底构建及表面增强拉曼散射光谱检测与降解盐酸四环素北大核心CSCD

将阳极氧化与光还原法结合,在TiO_(2)纳米管阵列(TiO_(2)NTAs)表面修饰Ag纳米粒子,获得一种均匀有序、稳定性高且可循环的TiO_(2)NTAs/Ag活性基底。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对TiO_(2)NTAs/Ag的组成和结构进行了表征。进一步研究了该TiO_(2)-NTAs/Ag阵列对盐酸四环素(TC-HCl)的SERS响应,结果表明,该复合基底对TC-HCl具有较高的检测灵敏度,在水中检测限可达1×10^(−14) mol/L,而TiO_(2)-NTAs与Ag之间的协同效应对其检测性能的提高起着关键作用。此外,TiO_(2)NTAs/Ag基底在光照下对TC-HCl展示了优异的降解活性,且至少可循环使用8次。表明该TiO_(2)NTAs/Ag基底在环境中有机污染物的SERS检测和降解领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

基于纳米TiO2和TiN为工作电极的循环伏安法测定过氧化氢的含量

制备了纳米TiO₂、TiN材料,将其作为工作电极,建立了循环伏安法测定过氧化氢含量的方法。将钛片置于含10.0 g氟化铵、0.6 g脲、24 mL 30%（质量分数）过氧化氢溶液、24 mL硝酸组成的抛光液中进行下表面抛光处理,再加入15 mL丙酮、15 mL无水乙醇、15 mL水,超声处理15 min后,得到光亮钛片。以光亮钛片为阳极,普通钛片为阴极,在不同电解质[TiO₂粗糙膜对应的电解质为1.0 mol·L^-1硫酸溶液;TiO₂纳米管为50 mL丙三醇、50 mL水、0.2 mol·L^-1硫酸溶液、0.5%（质量分数）氟化钠溶液;TiO₂纳米孔为100 mL乙二醇、1 mL水、0.38%（质量分数）氟化铵溶液]中,采用阳极氧化法,得到不同形貌大小的TiO₂粗糙膜、TiO₂纳米管、TiO₂纳米孔;再通过氨气热还原,得到TiN粗糙膜、TiN纳米管、TiN纳米孔。以TiO₂     

FLOW STRUCTURE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION IN CIRCULATING GAS-FLUIDIZED BEDS

The occurrence of heterogeneous flow structures in gas-particle flows seriously affects the gas-solid contacting and transport processes in high-velocity gas-fluidized beds. Particles do not disperse uniformly in the flow but pass through the bed in a swarm of clusters. The so-called “core-annulus“ structure in the radial direction and “S“ shaped axial distribution of solids concentration characterize the typical flow structure in the system. A computational study, using the discrete particle approach based on molecular dynamics techniques, has been carried out to explore the mechanisms underlying formation of the clusters and the core-annulus structure. Based on energybudget analysis including work done by the drag force, kinetic energy, rotational energy, potential energy, and energy dissipation due to particle-particle and particle-wall collisions, the role of gas-solid interaction and inelastic collisions between the particles are elucidated. It is concluded that the competition between gas-solid interaction and particle-particle interaction determines the pattern formation in high-velocity gas-solid flows: if the gas-solid interaction (under elevated pressure) dominates, most of particle energy obtained by drag from the gas phase is partitioned such that particle potential energy is raised, leading to a uniform flow structure. Otherwise, a heterogeneous pattern exists, which could be induced by both particle -particle collisions and gas-solid interaction. Although both factors could cause the flow instability, the non-linear drag force is demonstrated to be the necessary condition to trigger heterogeneous flow structure formation. As gas velocity increases and goes beyond a critical value, the fluid-particle interaction suppresses particle collisional dissipation, and as a consequence a more homogeneous flow regime is formed.     

A NEW CYCLIC J-INTEGRAL FOR LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The constitutive equation under the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) was discussed, and a two-dimensional (2-D) model for simulating fatigue crack extension was put forward in order to propose a new cyclic J-integral. The definition, primary characteristics, physical interpretations and numerical evaluation of the new parameter were investigated in detail. Moreover, the new cyclic J-integral for LCF behaviors was validated by the compact tension (CT) specimens. Results show that the calculated values of the new parameter can correlate well with LCF crack growth rate, during constant-amplitude loading. In addition, the phenomenon of fatigue retardation was explained through the viewpoint of energy based on the concept of the new parameter.     

Investigation of operational parameters for an industrial CFB combustor of coal, biomass and sludge

The combustion of coal and/or biomass （sludge, wood waste, RDF, etc.） in a circulating fluidized bed has been a commercial topper for over 20 years, and references to principles and applications are numerous and widespread although few data are presented concerning the operation of large scale CFB-units. The authors studied the CFB-combustion at UPM-Kymmene （Ayr）, a major paper mill relying for its steam production upon the combustion of coal （80-85 %）, wood bark （5-10%） and wastewater treatment sludge （5-10%）. The maximum capacity of the CFB is 58 MWth. A complete diagnostic of the operation was made, and additional tests were performed to assess the operating mode. The plant schematics, relevant dimensions and process data are given. To assess the operation of the UPM-CFB, it is important to review essential design parameters and principles of CFB combustors, which will be discussed in detail to include required data, heat balance and flowrates, operating versus transport velocity, kinetics and conversion （including the possible effect of the Bouduard reaction if carbon is present）. Since the residence time in the riser and the cyclone efficiency determine the burnout of circulating fuel-particles, the UPM-CFB was subjected to a stimulus response technique using nickel oxide as tracer. Results illustrate the efficiency of the cyclone separation and the number of recycle loops for particles of a given size. Results will also be used to assess the cyclone operation and efficiency and to comment upon expected and measured carbon conversion.