水系钠离子电池电极材料研究进展

随着太阳能、风能等可再生能源发电并网普及应用和智能电网建设,储能技术成为能源优化利用的核心技术之一。水系钠离子电池具有资源丰富、价格低廉等优势,作为未来电网储能的重要选择而成为近年来电化学储能技术前沿的研究热点。由于受到水的热力学电化学窗口限制及嵌钠反应的特殊性(例如溶液的pH值、氧的溶解等),以及容量、电化学电位、适应性及催化效应等,电极材料选择面临挑战,进而影响水系钠离子电池的应用。因此,电极材料成为水系钠离子电池的研究重点。本文简要概括了水系钠离子电池的特点,并对氧化物、聚阴离子化合物、普鲁士蓝类似物和有机物等电极材料体系的最新研究进展进行了总结,并概括了将来的发展方向,为推动水系钠离子电池的发展和能源优化研究奠定了基础。     

钠离子电池先进功能材料的研究进展

钠离子电池作为一种新型的化学电源,因钠资源储量丰富、成本低廉等优势,在规模储能领域具有应用前景,近年来受到了人们的广泛关注.为了获得比能量高、循环寿命长和快速充放电能力强的先进钠离子电池,人们正致力于开发比容量高、循环性能好和倍率性能佳的储钠电极材料和离子电导率高、电化学窗口宽的功能电解液,并取得了重要进展.目前,有前景的正极材料主要有高容量的层状氧化物、高电位的氟磷酸盐和长寿命的磷酸盐;可用的负极材料主要包括循环稳定性强的钛基层状氧化物和碳材料、比容量大的金属/非金属单质和低成本的金属化合物;有效的功能电解液有酯类电解液和醚类电解液.本综述详细总结了上述几类电极材料和电解液的最新研究进展,重点介绍了它们的电化学性质、科学难题及解决策略.     

室温钠离子电池关键材料研究进展

钠离子电池凭借钠资源丰富、价格低廉在大规模储能领域有着重要应用前景. 然而,钠离子相对锂离子较大的半径和质量限制了它在电极材料中的可逆脱嵌,导致其电化学性能不佳. 因此研发稳定、高效储钠的高比能电极材料是钠离子电池实用化的关键. 另外,进一步优化与电极材料相匹配的电解质来实现高安全、长寿命钠离子电池的构建,推动其商业化进程,也是迫切需要解决的问题. 本文主要对室温钠离子电池关键材料（包括正极、负极和电解质材料）的研究进展进行简要综述,并探讨了其面临的困难及可行的解决方案,为钠离子电池的发展提供一定参考依据.     

非水体系锂/钠离子电容器研究进展

将超级电容器和锂/钠离子电池进行"内部交叉",即在双电层电容器中加入锂/钠离子电池材料,或在锂/钠离子电池中添加以双电层储能的活性炭电极材料,将两者的优点有机结合于一体,构筑锂/钠离子混合电容器,已引起了广泛的研究和开发.本文对锂/钠离子电容器的工作原理、发展状况、瓶颈问题和改进方法进行了简要介绍,结合近几年的文献报道,按照电极材料的类别,重点对比评述了同一类电极材料的储锂/钠性能及对应的锂/钠离子电容器的主要研究结果.钠离子的半径较大,导致同一电极材料在有机钠盐电解液中的初始比容量和倍率性能低于其在有机锂盐电解液中的性能.通过开发具有大层间距、分级多孔、表面掺杂、3D结构或多组分复合结构来提高电容型多孔炭材料的比容量,以及构筑特殊形貌(纳米片/棒、同轴纳米电缆、核壳、海胆、中空等)、金属掺杂、二元或三元复合结构来提高储锂/钠电极材料的动力学特性,可弥补正负电极储能容量和动力学的差异,从而实现高的能量密度、功率密度和长循环稳定性.最后,本文还对锂/钠离子电容器的发展进行了总结和展望.     

卤素水系可充电电池的研究进展

简单介绍了卤素水系可充电电池的优势以及所面临的困难，详细综述了近年来卤素水系电池电解液和相关电极材料的一些研究进展，结合卤素水系电池面临的挑战，将研究策略进行分类总结，主要包括提高电解质中盐浓度、电极材料的“化学吸附”、引入络合剂固定卤素的氧化产物以及通过卤素转换形稳定的卤间化合物等有效解决方案，其中对卤素水系电池电解质、电极材料以及主要的电化学性能总结，为促进高性能卤素水系电池的发展提供借鉴参考作用。最后展望了卤素水系电池未来的发展前景。     

钠离子电池微/纳结构电极材料研究

钠离子电池电极材料资源丰富,价格低廉. 然而,现阶段钠离子电池电极材料的性能还不理想,开发合适的电极材料是实现髙容量、长循环寿命钠离子电池的关键. 本文将以作者近期的研究工作为主,着重讨论几种微/纳米材料作为钠离子电池电极的性能及作用机理,并展望其今后的发展趋势.     

静电纺丝在钠离子电池中的应用研究进展

钠离子电池具有与锂离子电池相似工作机理,因其原料资源丰富,是一种极具应用前景的新一代储能设备.然而,钠离子电池面临着电极材料体积膨胀过大、钠离子传输动力学较慢和能量密度偏低等问题,阻碍了其实用化.静电纺丝技术合成的一维钠离子电池电极材料,可通过形貌调控或碳复合方式有效缓冲储钠过程中电极的体积膨胀,而且具有连续的电子传递和较短的离子传输路径,从而改善钠离子传输动力学,以提高电池倍率性能.通过电纺还可简便地制备直接用于钠离子电池的柔性纤维膜来提高电池的能量密度.综述了静电纺丝技术制备钠离子电池材料的研究进展,主要包括正极和负极材料,对今后静电纺丝在钠离子电池中的发展进行了展望.     

羰基化合物在新型绿色能源有机钠离子电池中的应用

有机钠离子电池是一种以有机物作为电极材料的新型二次电池。但有机物作为钠离子电池电极材料仍存在较低的氧化还原电位、高的溶解性和低的导电性等问题。解决这些问题通常采用引入吸电子基团来提高氧化还原电位,形成聚合物来降低溶解性和引入导电基底增加导电性等方法。着重关注羰基化合物作为钠离子电池电极材料,分别介绍羰基化合物/聚合物及其与导电基底形成的复合物和柔性电极在钠离子电池中的应用。     

钠离子电池工作原理及关键电极材料研究进展

由于钠资源价格低廉、分布广泛等优点,钠离子电池及其关键电极材料的研究近年来引起了广泛的关注.然而,与锂相比,钠的离子半径大得多,使其在储钠材料中的迁移速度过慢而严重地限制了钠离子电池倍率性能的提升和储钠容量的表达,而且钠元素具有更高的相对原子质量,也在理论上限制了钠离子电池的能量密度.因此,开发先进的、利于钠离子脱嵌的电极材料是开发高性能钠离子电池的关键.本文在钠离子电池工作原理的基础上,着重介绍了几类典型的关键电极材料,并对它们的研究进展进行了简要综述.     

基于有机物电极的电化学能量存储与转化

由于高安全的特性,水系二次电池被认为是未来大型储能的有效解决方案之一. 然而,现有水系电池主要以含金属元素的无机化合物为电极活性材料,其在大型储能中的实际应用仍受到循环寿命、环境问题、原料成本或金属元素丰度的限制. 相较于无机电极材料,部分有机电极材料具有原料丰富、结构丰富、可持续及环境友好等优点. 此外,有机物材料分子内空间大,能够存储不同价态电荷,因此近年来被广泛关注. 本文综述了课题组近期在有机物电极方面的研究进展,内容聚焦含羰基有机物通过C=O/C-O-的可逆转化存储单价金属阳离子(Li⁺, Na⁺)、双价金属阳离子(Zn²⁺)、质子(H⁺)所涉及的电化学过程,及其在水系锂、钠离子电池、水系锌离子电池、质子电池以及分步电解水中的应用.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Cu0-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α-amino acid derived N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to ynones

A series of 20 CuAIAC reactions between eight 4-acylamino substituted pyrazolidine-3-one-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones were performed using Cu⁰ as catalyst. The corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts were obtained in very high yields upon simple workup. Thus, Cu-metal turned out to be a better catalyst than Cu^I in terms of yield and ease of isolation. Availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, and simple workup enable a “click” access to libraries of densely substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazol-1-ones. Reactivity of differently substituted dipoles was evaluated experimentally and by quantum chemical methods (DFT).     

Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates

(E)-4-(Fullerenopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid and its corresponding succinimidyl ester, readily obtained through Prato-type modification of C₆₀, were used for the selective N-acylation of polyamines. The thus obtained conjugates were evaluated for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity and their cytotoxicity was determined. Members of this family of compounds showed interesting anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity and comparable cytocompatibility to spermidine.