气相色谱-质谱联用法确证蔬菜中多种农药残留

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、电子轰击离子化(EI)法,采用选择离子方式(SIM)对蔬菜中敌敌畏等17种有机磷类、克百威等4种氨基甲酸酯类和三唑酮、噻嗪酮共23种农药残留同时确证的方法进行了研究。探讨了23种农药在两种不同极性毛细管柱上的分离情况;建立了DB-17和DB-5MS毛细管柱分别同时确证21种农药残留的分析条件;分析了番茄、黄瓜、豇豆等15种134个蔬菜样品。方法的检出限为0.01~0.1 ng,检出浓度为0.002~0.04 mg.kg-1。     

The Stability of Multi-modal Traffic Network

There is an explicit and implicit assumption in multimodal traffic equilibrium models, that is, if the equilibrium exists, then it will also occur. The assumption is very idealized; in fact, it may be shown that the quite contrary could happen, because in multimodal traffic network, especially in mixed traffic conditions the interaction among traffic modes is asymmetric and the asymmetric interaction may result in the instability of traffic system. In this paper, to study the stability of multimodal traffic system, we respectively present the travel cost function in mixed traffic conditions and in traffic network with dedicated bus lanes. Based on a day-to-day dynamical model, we study the evolution of daily route choice of travelers in multimodal traffic network using 10000 random initial values for different cases. From the results of simulation, it can be concluded that the asymmetric interaction between the cars and buses in mixed traffic conditions can lead the traffic system to instability when traffic demand is larger. We also study the effect of travelers' perception error on the stability of multimodal traffic network. Although the larger perception error can alleviate the effect of interaction between cars and buses and improve the stability of traffic system in mixed traffic conditions, the traffic system also become instable when the traffic demand is larger than a number. For all cases simulated in this study, with the same parameters, traffic system with dedicated bus lane has better stability for traffic demand than that in mixed traffic conditions. We also find that the network with dedicated bus lane has higher portion of travelers by bus than it of mixed traffic network. So it can be concluded that building dedicated bus lane can improve the stability of traffic system and attract more travelers to choose bus reducing the traffic congestion.     

裂纹面摩擦接触引起的断裂韧性增长的研究

采用弹黏塑性的材料本构关系, 建立了压、剪混合型裂纹常速准静 态扩展的力学模型, 求得了裂纹面摩擦接触条件下裂纹尖端场的数值解, 并基于数 值结果讨论了扩展裂纹的摩擦效应. 计算和分析表明, 裂纹面的摩擦效应主要表现 在两个方面. 第一方面是摩擦会导致裂纹尖端区材料的断裂韧性增高, 并且裂纹面间的摩擦作用越强, 增韧效果越显著. 摩擦增韧的机制可以解释为裂纹 面间的摩擦作用导致裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸变大, 使裂纹尖端场的塑性变形能增加, 从而使得裂纹尖端区材料增韧. 摩擦生热并不是导致材料断裂韧性增长的根本机制. 第二方面是摩擦会导致``断裂延缓'. 利用裂纹面的摩擦来提高构件的承载能力和延长构件的服役寿命具有较大的工程实用价值.     

ANTI-PLANE FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIAL INFINITE STRIP WITH FINITE WIDTH

The special case of a crack under mode III conditions was treated, lying parallel to the edges of an infinite strip with finite width and with the shear modulus varying exponentially perpendicular to the edges. By using Fourier transforms the problem was formulated in terms of a singular integral equation. It was numerically solved by representing the unknown dislocation density by a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials leading to a linear system of equations. The stress intensity factor (SIF) results were discussed with respect to the influences of different geometric parameters and the strength of the non-homogeneity. It was indicated that the SIF increases with the increase of the crack length and decreases with the increase of the rigidity of the material in the vicinity of crack. The SIF of narrow strip is very sensitive to the change of the non-homogeneity parameter and its variation is complicated. With the increase of the non-homogeneity parameter, the stress intensity factor may increase, decrease or keep constant, which is mainly determined by the strip width and the relative crack location. If the crack is located at the midline of the strip or if the strip is wide, the stress intensity factor is not sensitive to the material non-homogeneity parameter.     

Traffic dynamics of an on-ramp system with a cellular automaton model

This paper uses the cellular automaton model to study the dynamics of traffic flow around an on-ramp with an acceleration lane. It adopts a parameter, which can reflect different lane-changing behaviour, to represent the diversity of driving behaviour. The refined cellular automaton model is used to describe the lower acceleration rate of a vehicle. The phase diagram and the capacity of the on-ramp system are investigated. The simulation results show that in the single cell model, the capacity of the on-ramp system will stay at the highest flow of a one lane system when the driver is moderate and careful; it will be reduced when the driver is aggressive. In the refined cellular automaton model, the capacity is always reduced even when the driver is careful. It proposes that the capacity drop of the on-ramp system is caused by aggressive lane-changing behaviour and lower acceleration rate.     

A modified weighted probabilistic cellular automaton traffic flow model

This paper modifies the weighted probabilistic cellular automaton model (Li X L, Kuang H, Song T, et al 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 2366) which considered a diversity of traffic behaviors under real traffic situations induced by various driving characters and habits. In the new model, the effects of the velocity at the last time step and drivers' desire for acceleration are taken into account. The fundamental diagram, spatial-temporal diagram, and the time series of one-minute data are analyzed. The results show that this model reproduces synchronized flow. Finally, it simulates the on-ramp system with the proposed model. Some characteristics including the phase diagram are studied.     

V型热解火焰合成碳纳米管的影响因素研究与分析

介绍了用V型热解火焰燃烧器制备碳纳米管的实验条件,利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对碳纳米管进行表征,详细研究和分析了温度、反应物成分、催化剂、燃氧比等影响因素对碳纳米管形态的影响.结果表明:温度在800～1000 ℃之间,采用CO/H_2/He作为反应气体,用Fe(CO)_5作为催化剂时,可以得到的形态较好、杂质较少的碳纳米管.     

Fe/Mo/Al2O3催化剂热解火焰法合成小直径少壁碳纳米管:催化剂焙烧与还原温度的影响

采用Fe/ Mo/ Al2O3载体载入式催化剂,以CO为碳源,通过氧炔焰形成热解火焰合成了小直径少肇碳纳米管.分别对不同的催化剂焙烧温度,催化剂预先还原温度进行了对比分析.研究发现900℃的焙烧温度可以有效减小催化剂颗粒尺寸,优化颗粒尺寸的统一性以及在载体表面分散的均匀性;400 ℃的还原温度可以在防止被还原成的铁单质颗粒聚合长大,失去合成小直径少壁碳纳米管所必须的小尺寸的基础上,有效还原颗粒氧化物使其尺寸进一步减小并分散更加均匀.     

功能梯度材料有限宽板的反平面断裂问题研究

研究了功能梯度材料有限宽板中与板边平行的III型裂纹问题．假设材料的剪切模量沿板宽度方向呈指数规律变化,利用Fourier变换将问题描述为奇异积分方程,并进一步将未知的位错密度函数表示为Chebyshev多项式的级数式,从而将奇异积分方程化为线性代数方程组进行配点数值求解．基于数值结果,讨论了材料非均匀性参数、板和裂纹的几何参数等对应力强度因子（SIF）的影响．研究表明,SIF随裂纹长度的增大而增大,随裂纹所在区域材料刚度的增大而减小;板越窄,SIF对非均匀性参数的变化越敏感,且变化规律也越复杂．随着非均匀性参数的增大,SIF既可能增大也可能减小还可能基本保持不变,这主要取决于板的相对宽度和裂纹的相对位置．当裂纹位于板的中央或当板较宽时,SIF对非均匀性参数的变化都不太敏感．     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定饲料中的铬

强制性国家标准GB 13078—2001规定了饲料中铬的限量。文章针对饲料中铬含量测定的国家标准方法GB/T 13088—1991的不足,建立了火焰原子吸收分光光度(FAAS)法测定饲料中铬含量的分析方法。分别研究了不同的乙炔流量、燃烧器高度和干扰抑制剂氯化铵的添加量对三价铬[Cr(Ⅲ)]和六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]测定灵敏度的影响;比较了用Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)标准曲线测定饲料样品中铬的结果,两组测定的平均值经t检验,无显著性差异。FAAS法测定铬的灵敏度为0.014 μg·mL-1;检出限为0.70 mg·kg-1,标准添加回收率为94.4%～104.9%,同一样品重复测定(6～7次)的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.90%～4.08%。该方法与GB/T 13088—1991相比具有简便、快速、准确等优点,其检出限满足GB 13078—2001规定的饲料中铬的限量要求。