Recent Discoveries in the Field of Lipid Bio-Based Ingredients for Meat Processing

Current culture and pace of lifestyle, together with consumer demand for ready-to-eat foods, has influenced the food industry, particularly the meat sector. However, due to the important role that diet plays in human health, consumers demand safe and healthy food products. As a consequence, even foods that meet expectations for convenience and organoleptic properties must also meet expectations from a nutritional standpoint. One of the main nutritionally negative aspects of meat products is the content and composition of fat. In this sense, the meat industry has spent decades researching the best strategies for the reformulation of traditional products, without having a negative impact in technological processes or in the sensory acceptance of the final product. However, the enormous variety of meat products as well as industrial and culinary processes means that a single strategy cannot be established, despite the large volume of work carried out in this regard. Therefore, taking all the components of this complex situation into account and utilizing the large amount of scientific information that is available, this review aims to comprehensively analyze recent advances in the use of lipid bio-based materials to reformulate meat products, as well as their nutritional, technological, and sensorial implications.     

Using Bioelements Isotope Ratios and Fatty Acid Composition to Deduce Beef Origin and Zebu Feeding Regime in Cameroon

The purpose of this study was to address the lack of knowledge regarding the stable isotopic composition of beef from zebu cattle reared in tropical Africa. Sixty beef carcasses belonging to the most common zebu breeds (Goudali, white Fulani, and red Mbororo) were selected and classified according to their subcutaneous fat color (white, cream or yellow). The stable isotope ratios of five bioelements—H, O, C, N, and S—in muscle fractions and the fatty acids composition were analyzed. Zebu meat from Cameroon shows peculiar δ¹³C values, related to the almost exclusive intake of grazed tropical grasses with photosynthetic cycle C4. It also shows δ²H and δ¹⁸O values higher than those reported in other areas of the world and correlated with the isotopic composition of animal drinking water. The white subcutaneous fat (“white type”) zebu showed higher δ²H and lower δ¹³C than the “yellow type”, that is correlated with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and a lower amount of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Multielement analysis seems to provide promising results for tracing the regional origin of Cameroon beef and some aspects of the livestock system, such as the nutritional status of the animals.     

Dual-frequency multi-angle ultrasonic processing technology and its real-time monitoring on physicochemical properties of raw soymilk and soybean protein

To improve the soybean protein content (SPC), flavor and quality of soymilk, the effects of dual-frequency ultrasound at different angles (40 + 20 kHz 0°, 40 + 20 kHz 30°, 40 + 20 kHz 45°) on physicochemical properties and soybean protein (SP) structure of raw soymilk were mainly studied and compared with the conventional single-frequency (40 kHz, 20 kHz) ultrasound. Furthermore, the intensity of the ultrasonic field in real-time was monitored via the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. The results showed that 40 + 20 kHz 45° treatment significantly increased SPC. The ultrasonic field intensity of 40 + 20 kHz 0° treatment was the largest (8.727 × 10⁴ W/m²) and its distribution was the most uniform. The emulsifying stability of SP reached the peak value (233.80 min), and SP also had the largest particle size and excellent thermal stability. The protein solubility of 40 + 20 kHz 30° treatment attained peak value of 87.09%. 20 kHz treatment significantly affected the flavor of okara. The whiteness and brightness of raw soymilk treated with 40 kHz were the highest and the system was stable. Hence, the action mode of ultrasonic technology can be deeply explored and the feasibility for improving the quality of soymilk can be achieved.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定猪尿液中30种不同种类“瘦肉精”药物残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱快速简单地同时测定猪尿液中30种不同种类“瘦肉精”药物(赛庚啶、可乐定及28种β-受体激动剂类)残留的方法.对液相色谱分离条件、MS/MS检测参数及样品前处理方式进行了优化.试样经5000 r/min离心5 min后直接经MCX柱净化,分别用3 mL水和3 mL甲醇淋洗,5％氨化甲醇进行洗脱,N2吹干后以流动相进行复溶,UPLC-MS/MS进行测定.结果表明,30种药物可在5.0 min内有效分离;各药物在0.1 ～ 10μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.992;方法的检出限为0.1 μg/L,定量限为0.3 μg/L.在3个浓度水平下的平均回收率为67.6％ ～ 103.2％,日内、日间相对标准偏差分别为2.8％ ～ 16.8％和2.6％ ～15.8％.     

高效液相色谱法测定虾肉及虾制品中吲哚含量

称取适量鲜虾肉或虾肉干,用乙腈(20mL)提取2次,离心分离后取其上清液,用乙腈定容至50.0mL,供高效液相色谱分析。加入2-甲基吲哚作为内标,所用色谱柱为Hedera ODS-2柱,流动相为乙腈-水(65+35)混合液,用荧光检测器检测(λex=270nm,λem=340nm)洗脱液中吲哚含量。标准曲线的线性范围在200μg·L-1以内,方法的测定下限(10S/N)为125μg·kg-1。以空白样品作基体,用标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率在90.1%~104%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.9%~5.2%之间。     

热辅助解吸-介质阻挡放电离子化质谱快速检测磺胺类药物

磺胺类药物在家禽养殖行业中的滥用是一个极其严重的问题。该文采用一种热辅助解吸介质阻挡放电离子化质谱技术（HAD-DBDI-MS）,通过对其加热温度等参数的优化,建立了对磺胺吡啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺喹噁啉、磺胺胍及磺胺甲噁唑等磺胺类药物的快速检测方法,并通过二级质谱进行结构鉴定;与单独使用DBDI-MS相比,HAD-DBDI-MS的检出限降低了1~2个数量级。对鸡肉模拟加标进行了直接快速检测应用,实现了鸡肉中模拟添加磺胺吡啶的检出;通过在加热时引入甲醇辅助挥发,实现了对饲料模拟加标压片样品中磺胺胍、磺胺甲噁唑的检出。结果表明,HAD-DBDI-MS为禽类肉制品和饲料中磺胺类药物的快速检测提供了一种新的方法。     

Chemical correlation between Shuanghuanglian injection and its three raw herbs by LC fingerprint

Shuanghuanglian injection, a famous composite formula in China, is a combination of Flos lonicerae japonicae, Radix scutellariae and Fructus forsythiae. To develop a method to overall evaluate the correlation between the formula and its three raw herbs, the representative LC fingerprint of Shuanghuanglian injection was established from 12 batches of samples. Ten peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities of different samples from different manufacturers. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used as a powerful pattern recognition tool to identify and classify Shuanghuanglian injection from different factories. In addition, chemical correlation between the formula and the three raw herbs was evaluated qualitatively through comparison of their chromatograms under the same HPLC conditions. The results showed that peak 1, 2, 3 and 9 in the formula fingerprint were characteristic components of Flos lonicerae japonicae, peaks 5, 6 and 8 were that of F. forsythiae, peak 10 was that of R. scutellariae, while peak 7 was the common component of Flos lonicerae japonicae and F. forsythiae, peak 4 was addressed to F. forsythiae and it was also the product of the manufacturing procedure.     

Highly sensitive disposable nucleic acid biosensors for direct bioelectronic detection in raw biological samples

The development of rapid, low-cost and reliable diagnostic methods is crucial for the identification and treatment of many diseases. Screen-printed gold electrodes (Au/SPEs), coated with a ternary monolayer interface, involving hexanedithiol (HDT), a specific thiolated capture probe (SHCP), and 6-mercapto-1 hexanol (MCH) (SHCP/HDT/MCH) are shown here to offer direct and sensitive detection of nucleic acid hybridization events in untreated raw biological samples (serum, urine and crude bacterial lysate solutions). The composition of the ternary monolayer was modified and tailored to the surface of the Au/SPE. The resulting SHCP/HDT/MCH monolayer has demonstrated to be extremely useful for enhancing the performance of disposable nucleic acid sensors based on screen-printed electrodes. Compared to common SHCP/MCH binary interfaces, the new ternary self-assembled monolayer (SAM) resulted in a 10-fold improvement in the signal (S)-to-noise (N) ratio (S/N) for 1 nM target DNA. The SHCP/HDT/MCH-modified Au/SPEs allowed the direct quantification of the target DNA down to 25 pM (0.25 fmol) and 100 pM (1 fmol) in undiluted/untreated serum and urine samples, respectively, and of 16S rRNA Escherichia coli (E. coli) corresponding to 3000 CFU μL⁻¹ in raw cell lysate samples. The new SAM-coated screen-printed electrodes also displayed favorable non-fouling properties after a 24 h exposure to raw human serum and urine samples, offering great promise as cost-effective nucleic acid sensors for a wide range of decentralized genetic tests.     

智能感官分析技术结合传统感官评价对细点圆趾蟹蟹肉制品品质特性研究

采用智能感官分析技术结合传统感官评价,研究了细点圆趾蟹蟹肉、细点圆趾蟹重组蟹肉、仿蟹肉块和仿蟹肉棒的感官品质。4类均为低脂类、可放心食用的食品。用电子舌技术与主成分分析法对4类蟹肉样品进行了区分和识别,用质构仪检测了4类样品的适口性（包括硬度、弹性、黏结性、胶性、咀嚼性和回复性）。结果表明,仿蟹肉制品与纯蟹肉在味道上存在明显差异,纯蟹肉较仿蟹肉制品具有更强的鲜味回味,但苦味、涩味和苦味回味相对较高;蛋白质类添加剂（TG酶）有利于提高纯蟹肉的感官品质,尤其可大幅度改良口感和质地,全质构分析测定结果与人的感官评价结果一致性较高。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法及模式识别法用于鉴别普洱生茶与熟茶

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术及高效液相色谱法对生熟普洱茶中的主要成分进行定性和定量分析。鉴定出普洱茶水溶液中8种主要成分,分别为没食子酸(GA)、没食子酸儿茶素(GC)、表没食子酸儿茶素(EGC)、儿茶素(C)、咖啡因(CAF)、表儿茶素(EC)、表没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)和表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)。以这8种成分的含量为指标,对普洱生茶和熟茶各20批进行主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析,能准确地区分普洱生茶与熟茶。