A Caputo–Fabrizio Fractional-Order Model of HIV/AIDS with a Treatment Compartment: Sensitivity Analysis and Optimal Control Strategies

Although most of the early research studies on fractional-order systems were based on the Caputo or Riemann–Liouville fractional-order derivatives, it has recently been proven that these methods have some drawbacks. For instance, kernels of these methods have a singularity that occurs at the endpoint of an interval of definition. Thus, to overcome this issue, several new definitions of fractional derivatives have been introduced. The Caputo–Fabrizio fractional order is one of these nonsingular definitions. This paper is concerned with the analyses and design of an optimal control strategy for a Caputo–Fabrizio fractional-order model of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Caputo–Fabrizio fractional-order model of HIV/AIDS is considered to prevent the singularity problem, which is a real concern in the modeling of real-world systems and phenomena. Firstly, in order to find out how the population of each compartment can be controlled, sensitivity analyses were conducted. Based on the sensitivity analyses, the most effective agents in disease transmission and prevalence were selected as control inputs. In this way, a modified Caputo–Fabrizio fractional-order model of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is proposed. By changing the contact rate of susceptible and infectious people, the atraumatic restorative treatment rate of the treated compartment individuals, and the sexual habits of susceptible people, optimal control was designed. Lastly, simulation results that demonstrate the appropriate performance of the Caputo–Fabrizio fractional-order model and proposed control scheme are illustrated.     

一种高灵敏度的桥型声表面波应变传感器*

为了提高声表面波传感器应变灵敏度,该文提出了一种桥型声表面波应变传感器。首先根据受压弯曲构件中应变分布特点设计了桥型声表面波应变传感器,并建立有限元模型,结合微扰法分析了桥型结构几何参数与声表面波应变传感器灵敏度的关系。根据分析结果确定桥型声表面波应变传感器几何结构参数,并与传统声表面波应变传感器的应变灵敏度进行了对比研究,在此基础上搭建受压弯曲微动平台开展实验研究,结果表明:在直梁构件受压弯曲应变测量时,Y34°切向的桥型声表面波应变传感器的应变灵敏度为1692 Hz/με,传统声表面波传感器应变灵敏度为1328 Hz/με,桥型声表面波应变传感器的应变灵敏度较传统声表面波应变传感器有明显提高。     

Au-Nanoparticle-Array/Aligned-Ag-Nanowire-Based Flexible Dual Plasmonic Substrate for Sensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection

The fabrication of flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for sensitive detection on uneven or irregular surfaces is challenging. In this study, a flexible dual plasmonic SERS (FDPS) substrate rationally constructed using Au nanoparticle (AuNP) arrays/aligned Ag nanowires (AgNWs) and elastic polyurethane (PU) is demonstrated. It exhibits high sensitivity (detection limit of 10⁻⁸ m for melamine and 10⁻¹⁰ m for malachite green) and excellent reproducibility. The well-designed structure of AuNP arrays/aligned AgNWs fabricated using block copolymer self-assembly and oil–water–air interfacial self-assembly successfully enhances the electromagnetic field through plasmonic coupling. In addition, the FDPS substrate retains a high SERS sensitivity after exposure to air at room temperature for 30 days because of the high stability of AuNP arrays and antioxidation characteristic of the PU covered on the aligned AgNWs. Even after undergoing stretching, bending, and twisting for 100 cycles, the FDPS substrate maintains a stable SERS activity owing to the introduction of the elastic PU. This study demonstrates a potential application of SERS detection under practical conditions for irregular surfaces and may be helpful in the development of flexible sensors.     

Experimental characterization of dynamic behaviour of gelatin-based material using DIC

In this paper, the dynamic response of gelatin-based soft material under impact loading is investigated. The dynamic tests are principally performed by the classical SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars) technique. However, due to the very low mechanical impedance of the specimen compared with the Hopkinson bars, the feeble impact forces are measured by highly sensitive piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure sensors instead of SHPB measurement system. The PVDF pressure sensors are placed on the interfaces between the specimen and the bars. During the impact test, the non-equilibrium stress state and inhomogeneous strain fields are developed in the specimen; a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is proposed to identify the inhomogeneous displacement fields using high speed photography. A non-parametric approach based on the DIC technique is developed to deduce the transient stress fields in the longitudinal and transverse directions from the displacement fields measured by DIC. The validation of the calculated stress fields is performed by comparing them with the stress measurements from the PVDF pressure sensor at the bottom end of the specimen. Furthermore, stress-strain response is carried out using this approach throughout the specimen. It is clearly shown that the average highest strain rate varies with position in the specimen. This lead to multiple stress-strain relations determined at different strain rates by only one impact test. The significant strain rate sensitivity is observed at the tested rate range from 81/s to 269/s. Under compression loading, the axial stress state is developed as a simple compression only in the central part of the specimen due to the friction at the interfaces between the specimen and the bars. According to the calculated results based on movement of “long waves”, the region of the simple compression stress state in the central part of the specimen is localized. It is observed that the axial stress is much more important than the transverse stress in the central part and this confirms the assumption of uni-axial compression stress state in the specimen.     

表面增强拉曼光谱对西地那非类药物的快速检测

采用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术并结合简单的前处理流程,对保健品样品中11种西地那非类药物进行了非定向快速筛查研究.结果表明,11种西地那非类药物可根据结构分为5类,类别之间SERS谱图差异显著;类别内SERS谱图具有共性特征,特征峰相对强度差异明显.实际样品的检测中,西地那非类药物的最低检出浓度约为0.05 mg/kg;前处理和测试的总时长约为3~5 min,且与检测目标物和样品无关.本方法高灵敏度、快速和非定向检测的设计理念为快速检测保健品中违禁添加药物提供了新思路和新方法.     

添加剂与RDX的界面作用及对撞击感度的影响研究

研究了石蜡、硬脂酸等添加剂与RDX的界面作用及其对撞击感度的影响。得出添加剂对RDX(Hexogen)的铺展系数越大,钝感效果越好的结论,并获得了铺展系数与特性落高的经验函数关系。     

结构随机激励的响应灵敏度分析

本文建立了有色噪声随机激励的响应协方差矩阵方程,推导了响应灵敏度的计算式,给出了进行灵敏度计算的方法,并作了实例计算。     

挤出平缝口模优化设计

挤出平缝口模通常用于加工膜和片材，对产品厚度的一致性有很高要求。本文给出了结合聚合物成型模拟技术、设计灵敏度分析和数值优化技术的口模形状优化设计方法。以最小压力降为目标函数，口模出口处任意点的速率与出口已知速率相对误差的平方和小于容许误差为约束函数，口模形状参数为优化设计变量，给出了目标函数的表达式，推导了日标函数、约束函数对优化设计变量的灵敏度公式。利用灵敏度分析和基于梯度的优化算法即序列二次规划算法(SQP法)求解最优设计参数。通过算例表明，应用该法进行口模优化设计可以减小压力降和口模出口速率变化率。     

Inline pneumatically assisted atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization ion trap mass spectrometry

Atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is known to suffer from poor ion transfer efficiencies as compared to conventional vacuum MALDI (vMALDI). To mitigate these issues, a new AP‐MALDI ion source utilizing a coaxial gas flow was developed. Nitrogen, helium, and sulfur hexafluoride were tested for their abilities as ion carriers for a standard peptide and small drug molecules. Nitrogen showed the best ion transport efficiency, with sensitivity gains of up to 1900% and 20% for a peptide standard when the target plate voltage was either continuous or pulsed, respectively. The addition of carrier gas not only entrained the ions efficiently but also deflected background species and declustered analyte–matrix adducts, resulting in higher absolute analyte signal intensities and greater signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratios. With the increased sensitivity of pneumatically assisted (PA) AP‐MALDI, the limits of detection of angiotensin I were 20 or 3 fmols for continuous or pulsed target plate voltage, respectively. For analyzing low‐mass analytes, it was found that very low gas flow rates (0.3–0.6 l min^?1) were preferable owing to increased fragmentation at higher gas flows. The analyte lability, type of gas, and nature of the extraction field between the target plate and mass spectrometer inlet were observed to be the most important factors affecting the performance of the in‐line PA‐AP‐MALDI ion source. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种快速响应电场敏感多孔水凝胶的合成及其性能研究

以4-乙酰基丙烯酰乙酸乙酯(AAEA)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,不同分子量的聚乙二醇(PEG)为成孔剂,通过自由基溶液聚合法,合成了新型多孔快速响应电场敏感性水凝胶.结果表明,成孔剂PEG被洗脱后在凝胶内部形成了互相贯穿的孔洞结构,孔径在30～120μm之间.以PEG6000为成孔剂致孔后的多孔凝胶溶胀速率和消溶胀速率最快,在去离子水中30s达到溶胀平衡,在0.1mol/L的NaCl溶液中40min达到消溶胀平衡;电场作用下凝胶的消溶胀速度大大加快,12min内即可达到平衡.凝胶中AMPS含量的增多会加快凝胶在电场中的响应速度;而高温下,随着AAEA含量的增加,凝胶内部疏水基团增多并收缩产生大量的疏水微区,限制了凝胶内部水分的持续排出,因此n(AAEA)∶n(AMPS)=3∶1的凝胶4min内即可排出表面水分达到消溶胀平衡,可保水率却高达75%.同时,增大电解液的pH值、浓度以及提高电解电压,均会加快凝胶的消溶胀行为.