非确定性结构静动态特性稳健优化设计

本文研究了考虑参数随机性的结构静动态特性稳健性优化设计问题的数学模型和数值求解。在考虑结构设计变量和其研究了考虑参数随机性的结构静动态特性稳健性优化设计问题的数学模型和数值求 解. 在考虑结构设计变量和其他参数随机分布的前二阶矩的条件下，采用基于二阶摄动法的 随机有限元方法对结构响应的平均值和方差进行近似求解. 在摄动法有限元分析的框架下， 提出以一般函数形式表达的结构性能的平均值和标准差及其灵敏度的计算格式. 将结构 稳健性优化设计问题构造为双目标优化问题，优化目标包含结构性能函数的期望值和标准 差，约束函数的变异也给予考虑. 优化问题采用基于函数梯度的算法进行求解. 文中给出的数值算例显示了方法的有效性.     

预锻模具形状优化设计与有限元灵敏度分析

采用刚－粘塑性有限元灵敏度分析方法研究锻造过程的预锻模具形状优化设计问题。表示预锻模具形状的三次Ｂ样条曲线的控制系数用作设计变量。以实际终锻件与理想终锻件的形状差异为目标函数,给出了与设计变量有关的目标函数,节点坐标和节点速度等方面的灵敏度及其数学关系,对于典型的轴对称锻造过程,优化设计的预锻模具形状可获得理想的的终锻件形状,为实现净成形锻造提供了一种有效方法。     

多体系统动力学优化设计的增广Lagrange乘子法

针对多体系统的非线性受约束动态优化设计通用模型,基于连续可微目标函数和一阶、二阶灵敏度分析给出多体系统动力学优化设计的增广Lagrange乘子法.其中基于多体系统动力学方程的一阶设计灵敏度采用伴随变量方法进行计算,二阶设计灵敏度使用混合方法进行计算,在设计变量较多时具有较高的计算效率.最后对曲柄-滑块系统数值算例使用增广Lagrange乘子方法进行约束优化,通过对使用不同方法进行一阶灵敏度分析和二阶灵敏度分析所得的最优值、迭代次数及运行时间的比较,得出一阶灵敏度分析中使用变尺度方法效率较高,而使用二阶灵敏度分析可以进一步提高优化效率.     

基于随机有限元的非线性结构稳健性优化设计

结合结构优化技术和摄动随机有限元方法研究了非线性结构稳健设计问题。将结构稳健性优化设计问题构造为双目标优化问题。优化目标包含结构性能函数的期望值和标准差。约束函数的变异也给予考虑，并采用基于函数梯度的算法进行求解。为对具有路径相关特征的非线性结构性能及结构响应的平均值及标准差进行分析。本文采用缩减的随机变量，提出了基于增量法的摄动随机有限元计算格式。在此框架下，进一步提出以一般泛函形式表达的结构性能的平均值和方差及其灵敏度的计算格式。为显示方法的有效性。文中给出几个数值算例。     

无网格径向点插值法在拓扑优化中的应用

论文基于无网格径向点插值法(RPIM)对连续体结构进行拓扑优化设计.以高斯点的相对密度为设计变量,以结构的柔度最小化为目标函数,利用带惩罚的各向同性固体材料模型(SIMP)和优化准则法,建立了设计变量的迭代格式.利用灵敏度过滤技术有效地消除了点状棋盘格现象.给出了相应的计算流程,并用Fortran程序语言实现其算法.算例证明,应用无网格径向点插值法能够有效地对连续体结构进行拓扑优化设计.     

桁架结构非概率可靠性形状优化设计

采用区间变量描述不确定参数,提出一种桁架结构非概率可靠性形状优化方法。建立了以截面尺寸和节点坐标为设计变量,以结构重量为目标函数,具有非概率可靠性指标约束的桁架结构形状优化数学模型。采用量纲归一化对截面尺寸和节点坐标进行了变量统一;运用均值点法对功能函数进行泰勒线性近似求解得到相应的非概率可靠性指标,并采用序列二次规划算法对优化模型进行求解。三个算例分析结果表明,算例均能快速稳定地收敛到最优解,结果符合工程结构设计经验,验证了本文所提方法的准确性和有效性。     

遗传算法在随机参数刚架结构概率优化设计中的应用

对随机参数刚架结构在随机荷载作用下基于概率的优化设计进行了研究。同时考虑结构的物理参数和作用荷载等的随机性；建立以杆截面积为设计变量、结构质量均值极小化为目标函数、具有刚度和强度可靠性约束的优化设计数学模型；通过可靠性约束等价显式化处理和引入罚函数，将原概率约束优化问题转化为无约束优化问题，利用遗传算法求解。算例表明：文中提出的模型和方法是合理有效的。     

多变量单元结构共振解耦动力优化设计方法

针对截面多变量单元结构的动力优化问题，建立了带频率约束的结构动力优化设计模型，对隐式非线性频率约束函数进行Taylor近似展开，给出了截面多变量单元频率梯度函数显式表达式，基于Kuhn-Tucker条件构建迭代算法，其中拉格朗日乘子通过建立联合方程组求解，形成了含多变量单元共振解耦优化设计方法。以矩形截面单元结构为算例的结果表明，所给单元多变量算法具有良好的准确性；截面变量对频率的贡献存在主次之分，区分指标可采用梯度值；次要变量的修正因子迭代中可采用定值，且其下限应尽可能降低，利于节约成本。本文工作对多变量复杂截面结构动力优化设计可提供理论指导，提高结构动力优化方法的适用性。     

热结构稳态响应的耦合灵敏度分析方法

研究结构稳态热变形和热应力的灵敏度分析方法，给出了直接法和伴随法两种算法。考虑了温度场的耦合作用，在直接法中需要计算温度场对设计变量的导数，在伴随法中需要计算热载荷对温度场的导数。对尺寸和形状两类设计变量的灵敏度分析算例，验证了本文方法的精度。伴随法在应用程序中的实现，为大型结构优化提供了高效率的灵敏度计算方法。     

基于无网格数值求解技术的二维连续体结构拓扑优化设计

将无网格径向点插值法(RPIM)引入到连续体结构拓扑优化设计中。在优化问题中,选取节点的相对密度作为设计变量,以结构的柔度最小化作为目标函数,基于带惩罚的各向同性固体材料模型(SIMP)建立了结构拓扑优化的数学模型,推导了目标函数和体积约束的灵敏度,利用优化准则法进行求解。算例表明了应用无网格径向点插值法进行结构拓扑优化设计的可行性和有效性,同时表明选取节点的相对密度作为设计变量可以有效地克服拓扑优化中的棋盘格现象。     

An analytical approach for the design optimization of bearing land in the metal extrusion of shaped sections

Bearing region plays an important role in controlling material flow and its optimal design could lead to high quality extruded products. On the other hand, too much of bearing causes the process load to increase. Thus, there must be an optimum point where the bearing lands and the extrusion pressure are just the right values. Determining the proper bearing length is often performed using trial and error methods in the extrusion industry and numerical analysis. The aim of this study is to optimize the bearing length in forward extrusion dies using upper bound method for non-axisymmetric sections. A generalized kinematically admissible velocity field is employed to obtain uniform velocity at the exit surface of the die. Dead metal zone and bearing region define the geometry of the deformation zone. The multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology was applied to optimize the relative extrusion pressure and the deviation of the mean value for the velocity at die exit. Using this method, the proper bearing length is determined. Optimization of bearing land is performed for extrusion of rectangular and L-shaped profiles. The proposed analytical method was verified by physical modelling experiments and numerical simulations. A unique answer for the bearing design could be obtained using the suggested method in a few seconds opposing to numerical method which required many timely and costly trials. This method would be useful for die designers to get the appropriate bearing land and at the same time not to increase the process load excessively.

     

基于多相材料的稳态热传导结构轻量化设计

在多相材料的结构拓扑优化问题中,通常给定各相材料体积约束或材料总重量约束作为材料的控制用量.在结构轻量化设计的实际工程背景下,以结构总重量最小化为目标的优化模型具有明确的工程意义.针对含多相材料的稳态传热结构拓扑优化问题,提出了以结构总重量最小化为目标和给定热柔顺度为约束的多工况连续体结构拓扑优化建模方法.遵循独立连续映射建模方式,采用两类独立拓扑变量分别表征单元热传导矩阵和单元重量状态.推导了热柔顺度和总重量对设计变量的敏度,基于一阶和二阶泰勒展开得到各自的近似表达式.通过求解偏微分方程,实现了约束函数一次项过滤,消除了棋盘格现象和网格依赖性问题,并保证了约束方程在过滤后严格成立.建立的近似优化模型具有二次函数形式的目标函数和一次函数形式的约束函数.基于对偶序列二次规划方法对优化模型进行求解直至收敛.通过四个三维结构数值算例分析对比了热柔顺度约束限值、不同材料混合及多工况、多约束条件对优化结果的影响.数值算例结果表明,本文提出的优化方法在基于多相材料的多工况稳态热传导结构轻量化设计中具有可行性和有效性.     

Optimum design of laminated composite foam-filled sandwich plates subjected to strength constraint

Optimum design of laminated composite sandwich plates with both continuous (core thickness) and discrete (layer group fiber angles and thicknesses) design variables subjected to strength constraint is studied via a two-level optimization technique. The strength of a sandwich plate is determined in a failure analysis using the Tsai–Wu failure criterion and the finite element method which is formulated on the basis of the layerwise linear displacement theory. In the first level optimization of the design process, the discrete design variables are temporarily treated as continuous variables and the corresponding minimum weight of the sandwich plate is evaluated subject to the strength constraint using a constrained multi-start global optimization method. In the second level optimization, the optimal solution obtained in the first level optimization is used in the branch and bound method for solving a discrete optimization problem to determine the optimal design parameters and the final weight of the plate. Failure test of laminated composite foam-filled sandwich plates with different lamination arrangements are performed to validate the proposed optimal design method. A number of examples of the design of laminated composite foam-filled sandwich plates are given to demonstrate the feasibility and applications of the proposed method.     

基于IGA-SIMP法的连续体结构应力约束拓扑优化

建立了一种IGA-SIMP框架下的连续体结构应力约束拓扑优化方法。基于常用的SIMP模型,将非均匀有理B样条（NURBS）函数用于几何建模、结构分析和设计参数化,实现了结构分析和优化设计的集成统一。利用高阶连续的NURBS基函数,等几何分析（IGA）提高了结构应力及其灵敏度的计算精度,增加了拓扑优化结果的可信性。为处理大量局部应力约束,提出了基于稳定转换法修正的P-norm应力约束策略,以克服拓扑优化中的迭代振荡和收敛困难。通过几个典型平面应力问题的拓扑优化算例表明了本文方法的有效性和精确性。应力约束下的体积最小化设计以及体积和应力约束下的柔顺度最小化设计的算例表明,基于稳定转换法修正的约束策略可以抑制应力约束体积最小化设计中的迭代振荡现象,获得稳定收敛的优化解;比较而言,体积和应力约束下的柔顺度最小化设计的迭代过程更加稳健,适合采用精确修正的应力约束策略。     

载荷作用位置不确定条件下结构动态稳健性拓扑优化设计

研究当外载荷作用位置不确定时, 连续体结构动态稳健性拓扑优化设计. 在减小结构对简谐激励动响应的同时, 有效降低其对外载荷作用点随机扰动的敏感性. 首先基于非概率凸模型的方法, 将外激励作用位置的不确定性用有界区间变量表示. 其次通过对加载位置的导数分析, 获得了在激励位置扰动情况下结构动柔顺度的二阶泰勒展开式. 基于变密度方法, 推导出了动柔顺度对拓扑设计变量的一阶灵敏度显性表达式. 最后在材料体积约束下, 采用移动渐近优化算法并结合载荷扰动区间内灵敏度的最大绝对值, 对连续体结构进行动态稳健性拓扑优化设计, 并与传统载荷位置固定条件下的确定性优化结果进行对比, 充分展示考虑外激励作用位置扰动对结构拓扑构型设计及其动柔顺度变化的影响. 数值优化结果表明, 采用文中提出的方法所获得的结构动响应的稳健性更高, 能有效抵抗外激励作用位置的随机扰动. 只要少许增大材料的体积, 稳健性优化设计的动响应将在整个载荷扰动区域内优于确定性优化结果.      

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FOR TRUSS STRUCTURES UNDER ELASTO-PLASTIC LOADING CONDITION

In this paper, a method for the design optimization of elasto-plastic truss structures is proposed based on parametric variational principles (PVPs). The optimization aims to find the minimum weight/volume solution under the constraints of allowable node displacements. The design optimization is a formulation of mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPECs). To overcome the numerical difficulties of the complementary constraints in optimization, an iteration process, comprising a quadratic programming (QP) and an updating process, is employed as the optimization method. Furthermore, the elasto-plastic buckling of truss members is considered as a constraint in design optimization. A combinational optimization strategy is proposed for the displacement constraints and the buckling constraint, which comprises the method mentioned above and an optimal criterion. Three numerical examples are presented to show the validity of the methods proposed.     

面向应力约束的独立连续映射方法

大多数已有的拓扑优化研究为系统刚度最大化设计,尤其以体积比约束下的静态柔顺度最小化问题为典型.从工程角度出发,结构强度设计至关重要.以往的应力研究表明,应力约束拓扑优化存在着奇异性、约束数目庞大、高度非线性特性等诸多数值困难.为了实现应力约束下的拓扑优化设计,采用归一化p范数应力指标以减少单元应力约束数目.遵循独立连续映射建模方式,引入密度变量的倒变量函数作为设计变量.推导了应力约束函数和体积目标函数对设计变量的敏度,并基于一阶和二阶泰勒近似得到各自的显式表达式.通过构造的系列二次规划子问题,原拓扑优化问题采用序列二次规划算法高效求解.二维数值算例考察了结构刚度和强度设计结果的异同,以及不同应力约束上限值对应力约束拓扑优化结果的影响.通过提出方法与传统变密度法结果的比较,说明提出的独立连续映射方法在应力约束下具有可行性和有效性.优化结果也表明了考虑应力约束的连续体拓扑优化具有必要性.      

Sharkskin instabilities and the effect of slip from gas-assisted extrusion

This paper is concerned with a polymer extrusion instability and the effect of introducing slip by means of a thin lubricating gas layer between the extrusion die wall and the flowing polymer melt. Gas-assisted extrusion (GAE) experiments were carried out using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) for a number of different gas injection die geometries. The stress distributions within the polymer melt were monitored during extrusion using flow birefringence. Polyflow numerical simulations were used to calculate the local stress concentrations in the melt at the die exit, as these were believed to be related to the occurrence of sharkskin. Simulations were also used to observe the effect of a full slip boundary condition as imparted by GAE. A key finding of the paper is that GAE in the parallel section of the die wall simply moved the local exit stress concentration upstream to the point of gas injection, and therefore did not reduce sharkskin. Simulations indicated that for correctly designed dies, the local surface stress concentration would be reduced. However, it was found experimentally that it was not possible to obtain a stable gas layer for this die design with upstream gas injection. A numerical investigation, involving simulations of varying levels of partial slip along the die wall, indicated an optimum level of slip where the stress concentrations were reduced. It is speculated that this is the reason that coatings such as PTFE, which impart a partial slip, can reduce sharkskin while GAE does not. The findings show that a controlled level of partial slip lowers the overall stress concentrations.     

结构可靠性优化的三阶段解耦方法

为提高基于可靠性的结构优化效率,提出一种三阶段解耦分析方法。第一阶段利用可靠性安全因子进行确定性优化,并将确定性优化结果作为初始样本点;第二阶段利用可靠性灵敏度和重量因子对样本点进行调整,获取目标函数与失效概率的数据集合;第三阶段利用目标函数与失效概率的关系,曲线获取可接受失效概率对应的目标函数,并求解最终优化设计变量。本文方法只需一次确定性优化,且现有结构可靠性求解算法均可使用,适应性强。算例分析结果表明,本文方法可以明显减少失效概率评估次数,且计算结果对可靠性安全因子与重量因子不敏感。     

An sequential optimization and aeroelastic constraint transformation method for strength-aeroelastic comprehensive design

With the development of modern aircraft technology, aeroelasticity plays a more and more crucial role in aircraft structural design. However, low efficiency of present aeroelastic analysis and optimization methods makes it difficult to apply in engineering practice. This paper presents a sequential optimization and aeroelastic constraint transformation method (SOACTM) for comprehensive design of airplane wings with strength and aeroelastic constraints. Optimization with structural strength constraint and aeroelastic constraint is transformed into a serial of cycles of decoupled structural strength sub-optimizations and aeroelastic sub-optimizations based on sequential optimization strategy. In structural strength sub-optimization, structural strength constraint is translated along its normal direction to make optimal design point satisfying aeroelastic constraint. And the goal of aeroelastic sub-optimization is to find the translational distance of structural strength constraint. Aeroelastic constraint is transformed to equivalent structural strength constraint via above approach. In this way, number of aeroelastic analyses in SOACTM is less than that in traditional optimization method and total computational time decreases. SOACTM is verified based on two examples. Traditional optimization method is applied for the sake of validation. The results demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of SOACTM for wing comprehensive optimization considering both structural strength and aeroelastic constraints.