Optimization designed large-stroke MEMS micromirror for adaptive optics

A novel micromirror based on the PolyMUMPs process is designed and presented. The hexagonal micromirror with a diameter of 450 μm consists of three supporting bilayer cantilevers and a mirror plate. The bilayer cantilevers, formed with a polysilicon layer and a gold layer, elevate the mirror plate according to residual stress-induced bending. Both analytical and finite element analysis (FEA) models are built to calculate the elevated height of the free end of the cantilever. The analytical solution is in accordance with the FEA simulation results, with longitudinal stresses applied only. Results of a three-dimensional (3D) simulation with two direction stresses applied also show the elevated height to be proportional to the width of the cantilever and the length of the gold layer. Due to the torque of the joint, the elevated heights of the two kinds of cantilevers assembled with the mirror plates are much smaller than those of the free end of the cantilevers. Both micromirrors with different cantilevers are fabricated. The elevated heights of the fabricated micromirrors are measured using Veeco optical profiler, which show good coincidence with simulation results.     

THEORY OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS

In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material （SAM）. This review focuses on one class of soft active materials： dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The theory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices.     

Control of a Unified Chaotic System via Single Variable Feedback

Based on the LaSalle invariance principle, we propose a simple adaptive-feedback for controlling the unified chaotic system. We show explicitly with numerical proofs that our method can easily achieve the control of chaos in the unified chaotic system using only a single variable feedback. The present controller, to our knowledge, is the simplest control scheme for controlling a unified chaotic system.     

闪光照相CCD图像的自适应中值滤波方法

中值滤波是一种在去除噪声的同时能较好地保护图像边缘细节的非线性图像处理方法。为了滤除闪光照相CCD图像中的脉冲噪声，同时能更好地保护图像边缘，提出了一种改进的自适应中值滤波方法。该方法采用局部中值和局部方差作为判断噪声点的阈值，实现了局部自适应的中值滤波，克服了传统自适应中值滤波方法的缺点，对椒盐噪声和随机脉冲噪声均有较好的滤波效果。实验结果表明，该方法消除图像脉冲噪声十分有效，对闪光照相CCD图像的处理结果也较好。     

共孔径偏振耦合分光的旋转四分之一波片相位补偿技术

 在地平式折轴望远镜中开展自适应光学激光导星实验，研究了共孔径发射接收信标激光束偏振耦合分光效率随望远镜方位角和天顶角变化的补偿技术。提出了一种由四分之一波片和法拉第旋光器构成的相位补偿器，通过旋转四分之一波片以实时补偿由于望远镜旋转导致的光路相位延迟量的变化。数值计算表明，望远镜处于任意方位角和天顶角位置时，通过1°步长旋转四分之一波片，可使补偿后的偏振分光效率理论上达到99.90％以上。实验从原理上定性地验证了该方法的有效性。只要测量出镜面的相位延迟，便可计算得到望远镜处于不同方位角和天顶角情况下有效补偿所需的四分之一波片旋转角度，据此可建立实用的旋转波片偏振补偿装置。     

共孔径偏振耦合分光系统中反射镜造成的相位延迟差的测量

 激光信标共孔径发射接收偏振分光系统的动态相位补偿需要测量望远镜各反射镜对s光和p光的相位延迟差。利用Stokes矢量和Mueller矩阵建立了物理模型，并推导出用测得的回光功率计算相位延迟差的解析式。提出一种通过实验测量回光功率计算反射镜相位延迟差的方法，解决了在0～2p范围内唯一确定反射镜相位延迟差的问题。实际测量了两块反射镜的相位延迟差，并将测量结果用于动态相位补偿偏振分光实验，验证了该方法的正确性。分析了偏振分光棱镜、法拉第旋光器以及近似计算这3个主要的测量误差源，并估计总测量误差约为1°。     

On Stability and Trajectory Boundedness in Mean-square Sense for ARMA Processes

Abstract For the multidimensional ARMA system A(z)y_k=C(z)w_k it is shown that stability(det A(z)≠0,z:│z│≤1)of A(z) is equivalent to the trajectory boundedness in the mean square sense(MSS)which,as a rule,is a consequence of a successful stochastic adaptive control leading the closed-loop of an ARMAXsystem to a steady state ARMA system.In comparison with existing results the stability condition imposed onC(z)is no longer needed.The only structural requirement on the system is that det A(z) and det C(z) have nounstable common factor.     

用于白天自适应光学的波前探测方法分析

提出了两种视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器，用于探测白天条件下强背景中目标信号的波前信息.给出了哈特曼波前传感器子孔径中焦面上天光背景非均匀性分布特征的实验结果，详细分析了基于分光棱镜的双焦面视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器的探测误差，并通过基于倾斜镜的单焦面视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器实验给出了波前测量的结果，证明视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器能够精确、稳定的测量白天条件下目标信号的畸变波前信息，同时给出了其在白天条件下探测能力的估算结果及其受限因素，估算结果表明云南天文台的自适应光学系统在10 W/m²·sr天光背景条件下应用视场偏移哈特曼波前传感器能对5等星(可视星等值)目标进行准确的波前探测. 关键词： 自适应光学 波前传感器 白天工作 误差分析     

单双层共轭系统的共轭高度对等晕角的影响

 简要介绍了传统自适应光学系统的局限性和多层共轭自适应光学基本原理。模拟了单双层共轭校正系统的共轭高度，并结合平程与垂程(HV模型)两种传输状态对系统等晕角增益作了进一步的分析。对单层共轭系统，在20 km的传输距离内，在平程中整个区域都属于等晕角放大区，共轭高度的最佳位置在传输距离的中间（约10 km处），等晕角取极大值，增益效果较好；但垂程中增益效果变差，且等晕角放大区也仅在3.6 km之内。对双层共轭系统来说，第1层共轭高度的变形镜主要对近距离畸变波前进行校正，并对整个传输距离的等晕角影响很大，是双层共轭系统的关键因素；第2层共轭高度对远距离等晕角影响较大。     

变形镜波前补偿能力的空间频域分析

 利用滤波器原理从空间频域分析了连续镜面分立驱动变形镜对波前的补偿能力。将变形镜等效为一高通滤波器，通过数值计算分析了滤波器函数与驱动器密度、高斯指数、交连值等变形镜主要参数的关系，解释了参数变化对波前拟合能力的影响。结果表明：驱动器密度是波前补偿能力的决定因素，增大高斯指数和交连值一定程度上有利于低空间频率波前的补偿。应用中应该根据待补偿波前的特征正确地选择和调整变形镜参数。