Nitrosation of Phenolic Compounds: Effects of Alkyl Substituents and Solvent

 Nitrosation reactions of phenol, o-cresol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, o-tert-butylphenol, 2-hydroxyacetophenone, and 2-allylphenol in water and water/acetonitrile were studied. Kinetic monitoring of the reactions was accomplished by spectrophotometric analysis of the nitrosated products at 345 nm. The dominant reaction was C-nitrosation via a mechanism consisting of an attack on the nitrosatable substrate by NO⁺/NO₂H₂ ⁺ followed by a slow proton transfer. The values of the rate constants of phenolic C-nitrosation were increased by electron donating substituents, and a good Hammett correlation was observed with ρ = −6.1. The results also revealed the strong effect of pH and the permitivity of the reaction medium on the rate constant, whose maximum values were observed for pH ≈ 3, decreasing strongly for higher pH values. The study in water/acetonitrile with up to 25% acetonitrile showed that it is possible to inhibit the reaction strongly by increasing the percentage of the organic component. The conclusions drawn show that (i) it is possible to predict the rate of nitrosation of phenolics as a function of the meta-substituents on the phenol ring and (ii) the nitrosation of phenolics can be strongly inhibited by increasing the pH of the reaction medium as well as by lowering its dielectric constant.     

空气/甲醇界面和频振动光谱的定量偏振分析

对空气／甲醇液体界面的和频振动光谱进行了定量的理论分析．虽然甲醇的红外和Raman光谱中都具有明显的反对称伸缩振动峰,但该光谱峰在界面和频振动光谱中却从未被观测到．利用已知的甲醇液体的红外和Raman光谱对和频振动光谱的键极化模型进行了修正,从而对此实验现象进行了定量的解释．此修正可以广泛地应用于界面和频振动光谱的研究中．     

Simplified Model for Analysing Ion/Photoelectron Images

Based on the Onion-Peeling algorithm （OPA） principle, we present a simplified model for analysing photoion and photoelectron images, which allows the analysis of experimental raw images. A three-dimensional distribution of the nascent charged particles, from which the radial and angular distributions are deduced, can be obtained more easily by this model than by the commonly used procedures. The analysis results of Xe photoelectron images by this model are compared with those from the standard Hankel-Abel inversion. The results imply that this model can be used for complicated （many peaks） and ＇ditffcult＇ （low signal-to-noise） images with cylindrical symmetries, and can provide a reliable reconstruction in some cases when the commonly used Haukel Abel transform method fails.     

C2Cl3+NO2反应的实验研究

利用时间分辨傅立叶变换红外发射光谱(TR-FTIR)研究了C2Cl3自由基和NO2分子的反应．并且通过高分辨的TR-FTIR光谱可观察到三种振动激发态产物，它们分别是Cl2CO、NO和CO．从而确定了四个主要的反应通道，分别为：C2Cl3O+NO、ClCNO+Cl2CO、CO+NO+CCl3和CCl3CO+NO．光谱拟合显示产物CO是高振动激发的，其初生态的平均振动能为60.2 kJ/mol．并推测其可能的反应机理是通过中间体C2Cl3NO2和C2Cl3ONO进行的．     

离子速度成像法研究HNCO分子在210 nm的光解动力学

用三维离子速度成像方法研究了HNCO分子在210 nm光解下的光解动力学．得到了光解产物CO在不同转动态的角分布和平动能分布．结果表明，HNCO分子在210 nm光解的主要通道是产生NH(a1￠)+CO(X1§+)的通道；碎片CO具有很高的转动激发，而NH的转动激发很小，约50％可资用能转化为平动能，该通道解离能确定为42738 cm?1；解离各向异性参数ˉ 最小为?0.75，且随着NH转动激发增大．该研究首次实验上证实了HNCO分子的快速、直接解离过程．ˉ值随NH的转动变化可以用经典碰撞模型予以解释．     

钯催化烯基苯并噁嗪酮基于内球型机理的线性和不对称烯丙基烷基化反应

烯基苯并噁嗪酮作为底物参与反应受到有机合成工作者的广泛关注.在过渡金属催化作用下,烯基苯并噁嗪酮脱除一分子二氧化碳,生成的两性离子中间体既可以被亲核试剂进攻,得到结构丰富的芳香胺,也可以作为1,4-偶极子与硫叶立德,缺电子烯烃或α,β-不饱和醛参与成环,分别生成相应的五元、六元或七元含氮杂环.后者广泛存在于农药、医药和生物活性分子中.已报道的钯催化烯基苯并噁嗪酮的不对称转化反应中,支链结构是主产物,线性结构产物比较少见.这是因为烯丙基邻位的氨基负离子与亲核试剂存在氢键或者静电作用,诱导亲核试剂进攻位阻更大但是能量更低的苄位.不同于传统的钯催化烯丙基取代反应,产物的结构通常是由亲核试剂的软硬程度决定.除了化学选择性的问题,产物中双键的Z/E构型和立体选择性的控制也同样成为挑战.近期Li课题组(Org.Lett.,2016,18,4392–4395)基于定位基辅助的Rh(Ⅲ)催化C?H活化策略实现了芳烃烯丙基化得到线性产物.Shi课题组(Chem.Commun.,2019,55,1283–1286)利用Ir(Ⅰ)和Br?nsted酸协同催化实现了吖内酯进攻端位烯丙基.但是,这些反应仅能得到消旋产物.发展不对称的线性烯丙基取代反应,不仅可以拓展烯基苯并噁嗪酮的应用前景,还可以合成具有手性的邻乙烯基芳香胺.本文采用α-硫氰基取代的茚酮作亲核试剂,不同于以往文献报道的机理,氨基负离子对烯醇式茚酮没有起到导向作用,意外得到以直链为主的产物.经过优化,最终以联萘二酚骨架亚膦酰胺为配体,钯作为催化剂,成功构建了一系列与硫氰基直接相连的季碳手性产物.所有反应产物均有优秀的化学选择性(线性选择性>20/1),E/Z选择性(>20/1)和立体选择性(最高95%ee).并且该反应适用范围广泛,基团的兼容性良好.为解释实验结果,本文进行相关的控制实验和DFT计算.计算结果表明,由于氨基负离子碱性较强,茚酮α位C?H酸性较强,直接发生了质子转移生成茚酮烯醇负离子,此时氢键作用消失不能起到导向作用.本文还考察了茚酮烯醇负离子与烯丙基钯通过静电作用形成离子复合物.与之前文献报道不同,本文采用了单齿膦配体且钯与配体等量,这意味着钯处于配位不饱和状态,导致离子复合物极其不稳定,烯醇负离子与硫氰基直接与钯配位成键,该过程结合能高达23.47 kcal/mol.最终配合物中间体通过内球型机理,经历环状过渡态得到以线性为主的产物.     

Experimental and theoretical study on the structure and formation mechanism of [C6H5Cu(m)]- (m = 1-3)

The important intermediate phenyl-copper metal complexes [C(6)H(5)Cu(m)]- (m = 1-3), which are produced from the reactions between copper metal clusters formed by laser ablation and the benzene molecules seeded in argon carrier gas, are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy(PES) and density functional theory (DFT). Their structures and bonding patterns are investigated, which results in the conclusion that C(6)H(5) groups bond perpendicularly on copper clusters through Cu-C sigma bond. The formation mechanism of these complexes has been studied at B3LYP//6-311G(d, p)/Lanl2dz level. Direct insertion reaction between [Cu(m)]- and C(6)H(6) yields intermediate complex [C(6)H(5)Cu(m)H]-, and then eliminates the H atom, or releases the H atom to other neutral Cu atoms or anionic Cu ions via H abstraction reaction. The first step is the rate-limiting step with C-H activation and cleavage, and H abstraction by neutral Cu atom is the most energetically favorable pathway for the final step. Moreover, the complex [C(6)H(5)Cu(2)]- is ascertained to be easier to be generated than [C(6)H(5)Cu(3)]- and [C(6)H(5)Cu]-, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.     

Convergent asymmetric disproportionation reactions: metal/Brønsted acid relay catalysis for enantioselective reduction of quinoxalines

A convergent asymmetric disproportionation of dihydroquinoxalines for the synthesis of chiral tetrahydroquinoxalines using a metal/Br?nsted acid relay catalysis system has been developed. The use of hydrogen gas as the reductant makes the convergent disproportionation an ideal atom-economical process. A dramatic reversal of enantioselectivity was observed in the reduction of quinoxalines because of the different steric demands in the 1,2- and 1,4-hydride transfer pathways.     

O2分子吸附的金属表面的O2(1Δg)猝灭

建立了一套流动装置测量单重态氧O₂(¹Δ_g)在O₂分子吸附的金属Cu、Cr、Ni和Ag表面的猝灭几率. 随实验时间和O₂(¹Δ_g)浓度增加,猝灭几率增加. 当上述金属样品在几帕斯卡的真空度下暴露数小时后猝灭几率会回到原先水平. 提出了一种基于表面吸附位上弱化学吸附的表面吸附氧分子O₂(¹∑_{g相似文献}   

Competitive reaction pathways of C2Cl3 + NO via four-membered ring and bicyclic ring intermediates

The products and mechanisms of the atmospherically and environmentally important reaction, C(2)Cl(3) + NO, are investigated comprehensively by step-scan time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy and the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d)//B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of electronic structure calculations. Vibrationally excited products of Cl(2)CO, ClNCO, CCl(3)NCO and NCO have been observed in the IR emission spectra. Cyclic intermediates are found to play important roles leading to the rich variety of the chemical transformations of the reaction. Mainly two competitive reaction pathways are revealed: the four-membered ring intermediate pathway leading to the products Cl(2)CO + ClCN which is essentially barrierless and the bicyclic ring intermediate pathway leading to the product channels of ClNCO + CCl(2,) CCl(3)NCO and CCl(3) + NCO which is rate-limited by a barrier of 42.9 kJ mol(-1) higher than the reactants. By photolyzing the precursor at 248 and 193 nm, respectively, C(2)Cl(3) radicals with different internal energy are produced to observe the product branching ratios as a function of reactant energy. The Cl(2)CO channel via the four-membered ring intermediate pathway is shown to be overwhelmingly dominant at low energy (temperature) but become less important at high energy while the ClNCO and CCl(3)NCO channels via the bicyclic ring intermediate pathway are greatly enhanced and compete effectively. The experimental observation of the products and their branching ratios varying with reactant energy is well consistent with the calculated potential energy profiles.