酶促水解法拆分布洛芬乙酯的工艺研究

以布洛芬乙酯为反应底物,探索了酶促水解法拆分布洛芬的工艺.以曲拉通X-100为表面活性剂,利用南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(CAL-B)催化拆分外消旋布洛芬乙酯,并对表面活性剂含量、有机溶剂种类和添加量、酶量、缓冲溶液pH、温度及时间等反应条件进行了优化,得到的最佳反应条件为:在pH为9.0的缓冲溶液中,添加80 mg曲拉通X-100、 50μL二氯甲烷和15 mg CAL-B,于30℃下反应48 h,在该条件下,S-布洛芬乙酯的剩余率(C)为65%,布洛芬乙酯的对映体过量值(ee_s)为94%.     

酶促水解法拆分布洛芬乙酯的工艺研究

以布洛芬乙酯为反应底物,探索了酶促水解法拆分布洛芬的工艺。以曲拉通X-100为表面活性剂,利用南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B（CAL-B）催化拆分外消旋布洛芬乙酯,并对表面活性剂含量、有机溶剂种类和添加量、酶量、缓冲溶液pH、温度及时间等反应条件进行了优化;得到的最佳反应条件为：在pH为9.0的缓冲溶液中,添加80 mg曲拉通X-100、50 μL二氯甲烷和15 mg CAL-B,于30℃下反应48 h;在该条件下,S-布洛芬乙酯的剩余率（C）为65%,布洛芬乙酯的对映体过量值（ees）为94%。     

两性-非离子混合型表面活性剂在金属-铬天青S显色反应中的应用研究

使胶束增溶分光光度法在保持已有灵敏度的基础上,再提高其显色反应的选择性,是一个既有理论意义又有应用价值的新课题.作者在研究两性表面活性剂的分析应用时发现,如在其显色体系中同时引入非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100,则对体系的光化学性质有明显影响,有的灵敏度提高,有的选择性改善.实验表明,两性-非离子混合型表面活性剂的存在,可以扩大不同显色体系的差别,对提高增溶光度法的灵敏度,特别是选择性,是一种有效的途径.基于此,作者曾在钪、铀、钍等元素的分析测定方面作过一些研究. 本文以金属-铬天青S(CAS)-烷基二甲基乙酸铵两性表面活性剂的显色反应为例,研究非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100在体系中的作用;以及两性表面活性剂与大过量Triton X-100共存,提高CAS显色反应选择性的可能性;并对其作用机理进行初步探讨.     

The Effects of Nonionic Surfactants on the Tris (2,2'-bipyridyl)Ruthenium( Ⅱ ) Tripropylamine Flow Injection Electrochemiluminescence System

研究了非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)对流动注射电化学发光的影响.结果发现,Triton X-100对检测低浓度三联吡啶钌(Ru(bpy)2+3)有增强作用,而且Triton X-100的引入可以改变流动注射电化学发光分析系统中 Ru(bpy)2+3-三正丙胺(TPA)反应电极电位.在检测电位1.35 V,进样量100μL,进样速度50 μL/s条件下,对Ru(bpy)2+3进行检测,检出限(S/N=3)达1.0×10-10 mol/L,较添加Triton X-100前灵敏度提高50倍.     

有机相中脂肪酶催化合成乳酸乙酯

 考察了在双底物抑制下脂肪酶催化合成乳酸乙酯,最佳溶剂为叔丁醇,在所选的几种脂肪酶中,固定化于大孔丙烯酸树脂的南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B (Novozym 435)的催化活性最好. 对反应条件进行了优化,当酸醇摩尔比为1∶8, 反应温度60 ℃, 酸浓度0.3 mol/L, 酶浓度45 g/mol, 摇床转速200 r/min时产率达到77%, 脂肪酶Novozym 435重复使用6次后产率仍然可达到60%.     

反相微乳液法合成碘化铅纳米棒

用Pb(NO3)2和KI为反应物, 在水溶液/Triton X-100/正己醇/环己烷反相微乳液体系中制得了碘化铅纳米棒. 研究了ω0(水与表面活性剂的摩尔比)、反应物浓度、反应温度及陈化时间等因素对产物尺寸和形貌的影响, 并用TEM和XRD等技术对产品进行了表征.     

非离子表面活性剂对流动注射电化学发光的增敏作用

研究了非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)对流动注射电化学发光的影响。结果发现,Triton X-100对检测低浓度三联吡啶钌(Ru(bpy)23+)有增强作用,而且Triton X-100的引入可以改变流动注射电化学发光分析系统中Ru(bpy)23+-三正丙胺(TPA)反应电极电位。在检测电位1.35V,进样量100μL,进样速度50μL/s条件下,对Ru(bpy)23+进行检测,检出限(S/N=3)达1.0×10-10 mol/L,较添加Triton X-100前灵敏度提高50倍。     

Triton X-100存在下钴与α-(α-噻唑偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯甲酸的胶束显色反应

本文简化并改进了2-(2-噻唑偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯甲酸(TAMB)的合成方法. 详细研究了在非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100存在下TAMB与钴的胶束增敏显色反应.     

三磺化酞菁在微乳液、胶束、醇-水体系中的二聚现象研究

本文采用分光光度法研究了三磺化酞菁(S3Pc)在微乳液(Triton X-100-壬烷-正戊醇-水)、胶束(Triton X-100)、醇(甲、乙、丙醇)-水体系中的二聚现象。计算了S3Pc的二聚常数Kd。结果表明, S3Pc的Kd随着微乳液、胶束中表面活性剂的浓度的增加而减小; 随着醇-水溶液的羟基摩尔浓度(Mo-h)的增加而增加。     

浊点萃取-荧光光度法测定水中的苯酚

基于非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100,以浊点萃取结合荧光光度法测定水中的苯酚,考察影响浊点萃取的各种因素。在pH=3.0的磷酸氢二钠-磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液中,采用2.0mL Triton X-100(5%)、82℃平衡温度、8min平衡时间的条件下,苯酚被萃取到Triton X-100表面活性剂相与水相分开,用于环境水样中苯酚的测定,结果令人满意。     

丁二酸二异辛酯磺酸钠(AOT)/TritonX-100混合反胶束体系中纤维素酶降解纤维素的研究

对于底物不溶于水的纤维素降解反应而言,为了增强纤维素酶的活性,在丁二酸二异辛酯磺酸钠(AOT)/异辛烷反胶束体系中加入非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100进行纤维素降解实验.结果表明,在AOT中加入非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100可以使纤维素酶的活性提高,非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100与AOT的最佳物质的量之比是0.20.考察了水与表面活性剂的物质的量之比(Wo)、不同酸度(pH)和不同温度(T)等其他反应条件对纤维素降解反应的影响.研究结果表明,反应的最佳条件是:Wo为3.3,T为315.11K,pH为5.10.     

Acetone powder from dormant seeds of Ricinus communis L

The influence of several factors on the hydrolytic activity of lipase, present in the acetone powder from dormant castor seeds (Ricinus communis) was evaluated. The enzyme showed a marked specificity for short-chain substrates. The best reaction conditions were an acid medium, Triton X-100 as the emulsifying agent and a temperature of 30 degrees C. The lipase activity of the acetone powder of different castor oil genotypes showed great variability and storage stability of up to 90%. The toxicology analysis of the acetone powder from genotype Nordestina BRS 149 showed a higher ricin (toxic component) content, a lower 2S albumin (allergenic compound) content, and similar allergenic potential compared with untreated seeds.     

Dynamic Interfacial Tension of Surfactant Mixtures at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces

Dynamic interfacial tensions for surfactant mixtures at liquid-liquid interfaces were obtained with a drop volume tensiometer. The surfactants tested were Triton X-100, palmitic acid, and Span 80 at both the water-hexadecane and water-mineral oil interfaces. Two-surfactant mixtures were examined with the surfactants initially dissolved in different phases to minimize bulk-phase interactions. For concentrations below the CMC, it was found that the adsorption kinetics of palmitic acid and Triton X-100 mixtures were dominated by the latter surfactant. Apparent diffusion coefficients were obtained for Triton X-100 both in the absence and in the presence of palmitic acid. These values were largely insensitive to the presence of palmitic acid. For mixtures of Span 80 and Triton X-100, the adsorption kinetics were found to be influenced significantly by both surfactants. In this case, relative changes in surfactant concentrations affected the dynamic interfacial tension of the mixed system. A previously proposed multicomponent adsorption model described the dynamic interfacial tension adequately at low concentrations of Triton X-100, when desorption could be neglected. At higher concentrations, modifications were needed to account for solubilization into the oil phase. These corrections allowed the model to describe the long time adsorption quite well. However, predicted values of short time interfacial tensions were overestimated, likely due to a synergistic interaction of the two surfactants. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Phase separation in non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 solutions in the presence of phenol

The influence of concentration conditions and acidity on the phase separation in non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 solutions in the presence of phenol was investigated. It was shown that the addition of small amounts of phenol results in the decrease of the cloud point temperature of Triton X-100 solutions. On the other hand, the addition of phenol into the investigated system resulted in the decrease of the hydration values of surfactant-rich phases and the increase of their hydrophobicity. The extraction degree and distribution coefficient of phenol between the water and the surfactant-rich phases were studied. On the basis of data obtained the molar parts of water, phenol and Triton X-100 in the non-ionic surfactant-rich phases formed at different concentration conditions were calculated. Possibilities of the application of phenol-induced micellar extraction for microcomponents preconcentration were estimated.     

The interaction of electrolytes with non-ionic surfactant micelles

The effect of NaCl and HCl on two non-ionic surfactant micelles was studied using several techniques, including conductivity and ion-selective electrodes. Both surfactants exhibit opposite behaviour. When Tween 20 is titrated with HCl the conductivity notably increases in comparison with water, whereas that of Triton X-100 solutions do not change with respect to water until a certain HCl concentration is reached, when it increases. The hydrogen ion activity is lower in Triton X-100 solutions and higher in Tween 20 solutions than in pure water. Chloride ion activity is higher in Tween 20 solutions than in water, whereas in Triton X-100 the activity does not significantly differ from that in water. The activity of sodium ion is lower in Tween 20 solutions than in water, whereas that in Triton X-100 solutions does not differ from the titration of water. These phenomena are explained by the changes in conformation of the non-ionic headgroups, which capture water, and in some cases ions, modifying the activity of ions in the intermicellar solution.     

Self-Assembled Supramolecular Micellar Structures Based on Non-ionic Surfactants and Cyclodextrins

The complexation between non-ionic polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based surfactants (Triton X-45, Triton X-100, polyethylene glycol-1000-monostearate, and Brij 35) and cyclodextrins is studied. It is shown that the addition of surfactant solutions to the aqueous solution of alpha, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins affords poorly soluble crystalline precipitates. Parameters of crystalline structure and the composition of complexes are analogues to those obtained on the basis of polyethylene oxide. Using a method of surface tension it is shown that cyclodextrins favor the increase of the value of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactants. The dependence of CMC from the molar ratio cyclodextrin/surfactant permits us to determine the composition of inclusion complexes in solution. For Triton X-100 and polyethylene glycol-1000-monostearate values of stoichiometric composition of complexes in solution and in condensed phase agree well. It is shown that in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin the destruction of micelles based on Triton X-100 occurs. UV-spectroscopy is used for the investigation of the microenvironment of a phenyl group in inclusion complexes based on alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins. The interaction of gamma-cyclodextrin with PEO surfactants results in the formation of novel double-tailed surfactants. The values of CMC registered in solutions of these complexes is lower than the corresponding value of Triton X-100 and polyethylene glycol-1000-monostearate. The stoichiometric composition of complexes in solution is established from the dependence of CMC versus the gamma-cyclodextrin/surfactant ratio. The composition of the complexes in solution and condensed phase agree well. The interaction of alpha- and gamma-cyclodextrins with Brij 35 results in the formation of nonstoichiometric complexes. The investigation of the dependences of CMC of modified surfactants from temperature shows that these supramolecular structures exist at high temperatures. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Regulatory role of surfactants in the kinetics of glucose oxidase-catalyzed oxidation ofd-glucose by ferrocenium andn-butylferrocenium ions

The effect of micelles of different surfactants (cationic, anionic, and neutral) on the kinetics of the glucose oxidase-catalyzed reduction of ferrocenium cations RFc⁺ (R=H, Buⁿ) byd-glucose was studied by spectrophotometry. In micellar media of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the Michaelis dependence of the reaction rate on the HFc⁺ concentration is observed, while this dependence has an extreme character in cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The nature and concentration of surfactants of all types have a slight effect on the rate of reduction of HFc⁺. The level of enzymatic activity is approximately equal in the case of Triton X-100 and CTAB and is considerably lower in the SDS micelles. On going from HFc⁺ to BuⁿFc⁺, the reaction rate is maximum in the cationic CTAB micelles, the anionic SDS micelles exhibit almost no activity, and the activity has an intermediate value in neutral micelles of Triton X-100. The conditions are presented under which the micellar medium controls the catalytic activity of glucose oxidase with respect to ferrocenium cations. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1795–1801, October, 1997.     

Adsorption Kinetics of Some Polyethylene Glycol Octylphenyl Ethers Studied by the Fast Formed Drop Technique

The adsorption kinetics of Triton X-100 and Triton X-405 at solution/air and solution/hexane interfaces is studied by the recently developed fast formed drop technique. The dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-100 and Triton X-405 solutions against hexane has been measured without preequilibration of the water and oil phases. It is found that the dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-100 solutions passes through a minimum. This strange behavior is attributed to partial solubility of the surfactant in hexane. Such minima of the dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-405 solutions have not been observed, which correlates well with the solubilities of both surfactants in hexane reported in the literature. The dynamic surface tension of solutions of both surfactants and the dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-405 solutions are interpreted by the Ward and Tordai model for diffusion controlled adsorption. It is shown that proper interpretation of the experimental data depends on the type of isotherm used. More consistent results are obtained when the Temkin isotherm is used instead of the Langmuir isotherm. The results obtained with Triton X-100 at the solution/air interface confirm that the adsorption of this surfactant occurs under diffusion control. The adsorption of Triton X-405 at solution/air and at solution/hexane interfaces seems to occur under diffusion control at short periods of time, but under mixed (diffusion-kinetic) control at long periods of time. A hypothesis is drawn to explain this phenomenon by changes in the shape of the large hydrophilic heads of Triton X-405 molecules. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis is significantly influenced by coexisting lipids in substrate-detergent micelles.

The effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), and cholesterol on the activity of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis were studied in detail in phosphatidylinositol (PI)/detergent mixed micelles. By addition of PC, the enzymatic hydrolysis of PI was significantly stimulated in PI/Triton X-100 as well as PI/sodium deoxycholate (SDC) mixed micelles. SM stimulated enzyme activity toward PI/Triton X-100 micelles at a lower molar ratio of SM to PI, but was rather inhibitory at a ratio higher than 2.0. The enzyme activity became significantly lower with an increase of PE or cholesterol in PI/Triton X-100 micelles. Actually, both PE and cholesterol were intensively inhibitory when added at a higher molar ratio to PI in Triton X-100-containing micelles. In the system of PI/SDC mixed micelles, not only PC but also SM, PE and cholesterol enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of PI. The difference between PI/Triton X-100 and PI/SDC micelles regarding the effects of these lipids on PI-PLC action, must be dependent on the physical state of micelles formed by these detergents and lipids.     

A general chemiluminescence method for the determination of surfactants based on its quenching effect on the luminol-NaIO4-cyclodextrin reaction

Here we report that all types of surfactant could be simply and sensitively determined, by directly quenching the chemiluminescence (CL) between luminol and NaIO4 in a basic solution containing one polyhydroxyl compound such as cyclodextrin (CD), glucose or glycerol. This specific quenching effect was attributed to the change of the microenvironment of the CL reaction, caused by the addition of various surfactants. Based on this fact, the potential use of this CL reaction was exemplified by the cationic surfactant CTMAB, anionic surfactant SDS and non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. It was found that the measurable range of CTMAB, SDS and Triton X-100 were 4.0 x 10(-6)-4.0 x 10(-4) M by using a basic CD-luminol-NaIO4 CL reaction. With our simple setup, CTMAB, SDS and Triton X-100 were detectable at a concentration as low as 2 microM. Overall, this new CL reaction is quite promising for the post-column determination of surfactant mixtures.