红外光谱和圆二色光谱研究氰根配位的辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）的热伸展过程

典型的辣根过氧化物酶同功酶C（HRP）是用于过氧化物酶生物化学研究的原型酶。HRP的血红素辅基的铁是五配位的,血红素口袋的远端和近端位点都存在一个氢键网络。HRP结构的稳定性已用随温度变化的FTIR光谱法^[1]和圆二色及荧光光谱法^[2]进行了研究,并与细胞色素c过氧化物酶进行了比较。HRP的氰根加合物的活性位点的动力学稳定性和分子结构也用二维核磁共振法进行了表征^[3]。但是关于氰根配体对HRP在热伸展过程中的结构影响未见到报道。本文用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和圆二色（CD）光谱法详细研究了氰根配位的HRP随温度的热伸展过程。研究发现氰根（CN－）取代后,酶中血红素铁的自旋状态和配位状态都与天然态完全不同,氰根取代水分子成为血红素Fe(Ⅲ）的第六配体,这时血红素周围的氢键也会遭受一定程度的破坏,从而使HRP的热稳定性急剧下降。FTIR和Soret-CD的光谱分析表明HRP－CN的热变性过程与天然态HRP完全不同,其途径可表示为：Ⅰ→Ⅰ′→U→A,存在二级和三级结构同时部分破坏的伸展中间态（Ⅰ′）和完全伸展后蛋白质的聚集态（A）。     

β-环糊精修饰氯化血红素的合成、表征及人工酶性质

血红素是含有铁卟啉的天然化合物。以天然的或人工的金属卟啉模拟过氧化物酶是近年来研究的活跃领域^[1]。本研究认为,β-环糊糈(βCD)在结合某些酶底物或药物有更合适的空腔尺寸,将氯化髙铁血红素(Hemin)共价结合上去在仿生化学中有广泛的应用。本文用DCC缩合法合成了βCD-Hemin,作为过氧化物酶的底物的共受体,并将其均相催化动力学性质与天然酶(HRP)、氯化血红素辅基模型进行比较,应用光谱法通过监测在弱酸性介质中H₂O₂氧化隐色孔雀绿(MGL)生成孔雀绿(MG)染料的变化过程,来研究其仿生催化反应机理。     

镧离子对植物体内过氧化物酶活性的影响

本文首次比较了在植物体内La³⁺与过氧化物酶(POD)的相互作用和在植物体外La³⁺与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的相互作用。在植物体内的研究表明,La³⁺能够明显改变POD的活性,并呈现低促高抑的“Hormesis效应”。用圆二色谱(CD)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱和傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱研究在植物体外La³⁺与HRP相互作用的结果表明,在模拟生理条件的溶液中,La³⁺对HRP的活性同样呈现低促高抑的＂Hormesis 效应＂。其作用机理可能是La³⁺通过与HRP中酰胺基的O或N键合,导致HRP二级结构变化,进而改变活性中心血红素中铁卟啉的化学结构,最终改变HRP的催化活性。     

氨基吡啶修饰碳纳米管的制备及其与辣根过氧化酶的相互作用

用重铬酸钾氧化法获得了表面羧基化的碳纳米管(MWCNT-COOH), 进一步通过酰胺化反应合成了2-氨基吡啶修饰的碳纳米管(MWCNT-AP). 利用傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对合成的碳纳米管进行了表征. 透射电镜(TEM)结果表明MWCNT-COOH在乙醇等极性溶剂中易于簇集, 而MWCNT-AP 溶液具有良好的分散性和稳定性. 辣根过氧化酶(HRP)可通过物理作用吸附于MWCNT-AP 和MWCNT-COOH表面, 负载量分别为187.5 和153.0 μg·mg^-1. HRP被吸附后, 其Soret 带明显红移, 说明HRP 与MWCNT-AP 或MWCNT-COOH 的结合位点位于血红素辅基的附近. 圆二色谱结果表明MWCNT-AP 对HRP的二级结构也有一定影响. 酶动力学实验结果表明MWCNT-AP 能有效地吸附HRP及其底物3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB), 并使HRP的酶催化反应最大速率(V_max)显著提高.     

邻苯二甲酸酐化学修饰对辣根过氧化物酶催化活性的影响

通过采用邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)对辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的蛋白链进行修饰, 研究了PA化学修饰对HRP的稳定性、催化活性、活性中心结构、酶对底物的亲合性和专一性等催化性质的影响. 结果显示: 酸性条件下(pH=3), 4小时后PA-HRP的催化活性比天然HRP提高了7.5%;碱性条件下(pH=10), 4小时后PA-HRP的催化活性比天然HRP提高了27%. PA-HRP的K_m值为8.16 (mmol/L), 小于天然HRP的K_m值12.99 (mmol/L), 而PA-HRP的k_(cat)/K_m值为7.86(10~4(L/ mmol· min)大于天然HRP的k_(cat)/K_m的6.70(10~4(L/ mmol· min). 这些催化活性和动力学数据表明了PA-HRP与天然HRP相比其稳定性、酶对底物的亲和性和专一性得到了提高. 紫外-可见光谱、拉曼光谱数据显示: 修饰剂PA 改变了天然HRP血红素周围的微环境, 对酶蛋白分子的活性中心结构并没有影响. 差示光谱显示PA修饰剂可以提高酶对底物的亲和力.     

β-环糊精修饰氯化血红素在弱碱介质中的仿酶性质研究

将β-环糊精共价结合的氯化血红素(βCD-Hemin)作为过氧化物酶底物的共受体, 将其均相催化动力学性质与天然酶HRP或锰卟啉等辅基模型物进行比较,应用光谱法通过测量H₂O₂、苯酚和4-氨基安替比林(AAP)作用生成醌式染料的反应来研究其仿生催化机理。     

辣根过氧化物酶在亲水性离子液体中的活性与稳定性研究

基于辣根过氧化物酶对过氧化氢氧化愈创木酚这个显色反应的催化作用,研究了辣根过氧化物酶在七种亲水性离子液体[C2mim][BF4]、[C4mim][BF4]、[C6mim][BF4]、[C4mim]HSO4、[C4mim]Cl、[C4mim]NO3、[C4mim][CF3CO2]中的活性与稳定性变化.结果表明辣根过氧化物酶在不同离子液体中均有不同程度的失活,辣根过氧化物酶活性随离子液体极性增强而降低.辣根过氧化物酶在含[C4mim]Cl离子液体的介质中,随着温度升高,[C4mim]Cl对辣根过氧化物酶的失活过程起加速作用,离子液体浓度越高,酶的热稳定性越差.紫外-可见光谱研究表明,在含[Cnmim][BF4]、[C4mim]HSO4、[C4mim]Cl、[C4mim]NO3的介质中,辣根过氧化物酶血红素中心最大吸收峰没有发生变化,但吸收值增强,证明离子液体使酶的血红素基团暴露于介质中而增强了吸收;而在含[C4mim][CF3CO2]的介质中,辣根过氧化物酶血红素基团最大吸收峰区发生蓝移,证明有部分血红素基团被离子液体破坏而脱落.     

基于酶催化反应的核酸定量新方法

近年来 ,将染料自缔合或诱导缔合用于核酸定量测定备受关注 [1～ 3 ] .但是将酶与染料的缔合用于核酸定量测定尚未见报道 .氯化血红素 (hemin)可作为辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP)的模拟酶 ,能催化 H2 O2氧化对 -羟基苯乙酸 (p- HPA)生成荧光产物——联二对 -羟基苯乙酸的反应 [4 ,5] .由于 hemin在碱性介质中是阴离子化合物 ,能与阳离子化合物如阿尔新蓝 (Alcian Blue 8GX)发生缔合作用 ,从而使自身的催化性质被抑制 .当加入带负电荷的脱氧核糖核酸 (DNA)时 ,由于阿尔新蓝与 DNA的强烈作用使hemin与阿尔新蓝的缔合物被破坏 ,hemin的催化活…     

过渡金属-联咪唑-Dawson型钨磷酸盐杂化化合物的酶固定化性能

利用水热法和直接沉淀法, 设计合成了5例由过渡金属(TM)-联咪唑配阳离子与Dawson型钨磷酸阴离子构成的多金属氧酸盐(POM)基有机-无机杂化化合物[Ni(H₂biim)₃]₄[Ni(H₂biim)₂(P₂W₁₈O₆₂)₂]·2H₂O(1), [Co^III(H₂biim)₃]₂[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·8H₂O(2), [Cu(H₂biim)₂]₃[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·4H₂O(3), [Co^II(H₂biim)₃]₂H₂[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·9H₂O(4)和 [Ni(H₂biim)₃]₃[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·2H₂O(5); 并利用X射线单晶衍射分析(SC-XRD)、 红外光谱(IR)和热重-差热分析 (TG-DTA)等对其进行了表征. 化合物1~5作为载体用于固定辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)时, 显示出了较高的酶固定化能力. 另外, 利用圆二色光谱(CD)和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)等方法评价了固定化酶HRP/1~HRP/5的重复使用性、 储存稳定性和检测过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的性能. 由于该类POMs与HRP间存在强的相互作用, 利用简单的物理吸附法即可实现POMs对HRP的固载. POMs对酶的固定不但提高了HRP对使用及储存环境的耐受性, 同时也拓展了POMs在酶固定化领域的应用.     

血红素蛋白质-琼脂糖膜修饰电极的表征和电催化特性

利用琼脂糖(agarose)水凝胶将肌红蛋白(Mb)、血红蛋白(Hb)、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和过氧化氢酶(Cat)4种血红素蛋白质固定在裂解石墨电极表面,形成稳定的血红素蛋白质-agarose膜修饰电极.用紫外-可见和红外光谱及原子力显微法对血红素蛋白质-琼脂糖膜修饰电极进行了表征.紫外-可见和红外光谱显示,在琼脂糖凝胶中,血红素蛋白质保持原始构象.溶液的pH(3.0～10.0)可逆地改变血红素蛋白质的构象,从而影响其光谱性质.原子力显微图象表明血红素蛋白质与agarose水凝胶之间存在较强的作用.研究了血红素蛋白质催化还原O2、H2O2的机理.稳定的血红素蛋白质-agarose修饰电极能运用于H2O2的定量测定.     

A solution study on the local and global structure changes of cytochrome c: an unfolding process induced by urea

The local and global structural changes of cytochrome c induced by urea in aqueous solution have been studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). According to the XAS result, both the native (folded) protein and the unfolded protein exhibit the same preedge features taken at Fe K-edge, indicating that the Fe(III) in the heme group of the protein maintains a six-coordinated local structure in both the folded and unfolded states. Furthermore, the discernible differences in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) of these two states are attributed to a possible spin transition of the Fe(III) from a low-spin state to a high-spin state during the unfolding process. The perseverance of six-coordination and the spin transition of the iron are reconciled by a proposed ligand exchange, with urea and water molecules replacing the methionine-80 and histidine-18 axial ligands, respectively. The SAXS result reveals a significant morphology change of cytochrome c from a globular shape of a radius of gyration R(g) = 12.8 A of the native protein to an elongated ellipsoid shape of R(g) = 29.7 A for the unfolded protein in the presence of concentrated urea. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data unveil the coordination geometries of Fe(III) in both the folded and unfolded state of cytochrome c. An initial spin transition of Fe(III) followed by an axial ligand exchange, accompanied by the change in the global envelope, is proposed for what happened in the protein unfolding process of cytochrome c.     

Novel Conformational Transitions of Human Cytochrome P450 2C8 during Thermal and Acid-induced Unfolding

Transitions among various heme coordination/spin states, heme environments and protein conformations of human cytochrome P450 2C8 were investigated under different denaturing conditions by means of electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies. It is the first report of it's kind. Our results indicated that the thermal and acid‐induced denaturation could convert P450 2C8 to various P420 forms. In the thermal unfolding process, the ferric P420 thermal form emerged with weakened Fe‐S (thiolate) bond. An absorption band at ca. 425 nm of the ferrous P420 2C8 thermal form was observed, suggesting that the axial Cys435 was protonated or displaced by other ligand. Moreover, the new coordination bond was stabilized when the temperature was cooled down. When binding with CO, the ferrous P420 2C8 thermal form had the protonated thiol of Cys435 as the axial ligand. X‐ray structure of P450 2C8 suggested that the specific structure of the β‐bulge where the axial cysteine ligand located might be the reason of the formation of these P420 2C8 thermal forms. In the acid‐induced unfolding studies, we found that at pH 3.0 the heme could be irreversibly released from the heme pocket of ferric and ferrous P450 2C8. Interestingly, the released heme could form a new coordination bond with an unidentified ligand at the surface of partially unfolded protein when binding with CO at reduced state.     

Electron transfer reactivity and the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase incorporated in dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid films

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was incorporated in dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) to form a film and the film was modified on pyrolytic graphite electrode. UV-Vis spectra suggested that HRP in the film could keep its secondary structure similar to the native state. A pair of stable, well-defined, and quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks was observed with the formal potential at -276.2 mV (vs. saturated calomel electrode), characteristic of heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple of HRP. The apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant and other electrochemical parameters were presented. The catalytic activity of HRP in DPPA film toward oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide were also examined.     

酶的光谱电化学研究（Ⅰ）：辣根过氧化物酶的电化学性质

利用薄层光谱电化学技术研究了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)及其化合物的氧化还原过程。指出HRP可在固体电极上进行直接电子传递,该电极反应不是酶中二硫键的还原,而是血红素辅基中心金属离子的氧化态转变。测定了HRP(Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+))电对的标准氧化还原电位和电化学动力学参数,讨论了HRP氧化性中间物的电化学性质。     

Direct Electrochemistry of Horseradish Peroxidase Embedded in Nano－Fe304 Matrix on Paraffin Impregnated Graphite Electrode and Its Electrochemical Catalysis for H2O2

Fe3O4 particles coated with acrylic copolymer (ACP) of about 5--8 nm in diameter were synthesized and used for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Direct electrochemistry of HRP embedded in the nanosized Fe304 solid matrix modified paraffin impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE) was achieved,which is related to the heine Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ) conversion of HRP. Cyclic voltammetry gave a pair of reproducible and welldefined redox peaks at about Ea of -0.295 V vs. SCE. The standard rate constant k, was determined as 2.7 s^-1. It demonstrated that the nano-Fe3O4 solid matrix offers a friendly platform to assemble the HRP protein molecules and enhance the electron transfer rate between the HRP and the electrode. UV-Vis absorption spectra and WrIR spectra studies revealed that the embedded HRP retained its native-like structure. The HRP/Fe3O4/PIGE showed a strong catalytic activity toward H2O2. The voltammetric response was a linear function of H2O2 concentration in the range of 10-140μmol/L with detection limit of 7.3 μmol/L (s/n = 3 ). The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant is calculated to be 0.42 mmol/L.     

肌红蛋白-壳聚糖-金胶纳米复合修饰电极的电催化

在pH 5.4的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,肌红蛋白-壳聚糖-金胶薄膜修饰电极(Mb-Ch itosan-Au colloid/GCE)于-0.20 V(vs.Ag/AgC l)处有一对准可逆的氧化还原峰,即Mb血红素辅基Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)电对的特征峰.本实验条件下,肌红蛋白与玻碳电极之间的电子传递明显加快,并考察了扫速、溶液pH及支持电解质浓度等因素对肌红蛋白电子传递的影响.紫外光谱图表明:肌红蛋白在壳聚糖-金胶溶液中依然保持其原始构象.该肌红蛋白-壳聚糖-金胶纳米修饰电极还能电催化溶解氧的还原.     

Hydroperoxynaphthalimide Derivative-mediated Oxidation of Heme Proteins on Photoirradiation: Horseradish Peroxidase

Abstract— Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was photoirradiated in the presence of organic peroxide (1, hydroperoxynaphthalimide derivative) at around 353 nm and 0°C. This compound bound to a heme pocket of HRP as shown by its inhibitory effect on catalysis by HRP ( K _i= 5.5 times 10⁻⁵ M) and subsequently it formed an intermediate in the same way as H202. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggested cleavage of the peptide chain of HRP on photoirradiation with 1. From CD spectra and SDS-PAGE, it was presumed that the destruction of both secondary structure and heme of the enzyme occurred to some extent upon photoirradiation, which resulted in a decrease in the catalytic activity. The absorption spectra also suggested that the heme group of the enzyme was destroyed, and the fluorescence spectra showed that the Trp residue in the photoirradiated HRP was oxidized to N -formylkynurenine by a hydroxyl radical generated from 1. Energy transfer from the excited naphthalimide moiety or hydrogen abstraction also seemed to make some contribution to the alteration of the heme group.     

Detection of coexisting protein conformations in capillary zone electrophoresis subsequent to transient contact with sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions

Non-native conformations of proteins were generated by temporary contact with aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and separated from the native state with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in alkaline borate buffer deficient of SDS. Nine proteins at concentrations of 2.0 or 3.0 mg.L(-1) were compared in terms of their susceptibility to SDS. For superoxide dismutase and ferritin the tendency of unfolding was modest with < 25% of the protein being transformed to the non-native state at 10 mmol.L(-1) SDS. Highest susceptibility was observed for albumin, myoglobin (Mb), and hemoglobin with > 75% in the non-native state even at 2.0 mmol.L(-1) SDS. The influence of varying SDS concentrations on the conformational state of Mb was tested. Increasing the SDS concentration, circular dichroism revealed a reduction in alpha-helix, an increase in random coil, and an introduction of beta-sheet, which is absent in native structure. Modifications in the secondary structure were in agreement with distinct changes in the shape of the non-native Mb peak in CZE and make a gradual unfolding/refolding process with several coexisting molten globules instead of two-state transition of conformations most plausible for Mb. CZE was found to contribute to a further understanding of holo-Mb transformation towards a population of non-native conformations (i) by means of calculated peak area ratios of native to non-native states, which showed sigmoid transition, (ii) by detecting the release of the prosthetic heme group, and (iii) by changes in the effective electrophoretic mobility of the Mb-SDS peaks. Reconstituted holo-Mb forms differed in the Soret band around 410 nm, indicating diversity in the conformation of the heme pocket.     

Effects of heme on the thermal stability of mesophilic and thermophilic cytochromes c: comparison between experimental and theoretical results

We have recently proposed a measure of the thermal stability of a protein: the water-entropy gain at 25?°C upon folding normalized by the number of residues, which is calculated using a hybrid of the angle-dependent integral equation theory combined with the multipolar water model and the morphometric approach. A protein with a larger value of the measure is thermally more stable. Here we extend the study to analyses on the effects of heme on the thermal stability of four cytochromes c (PA c(551), PH c(552), HT c(552), and AA c(555)) whose denaturation temperatures are considerably different from one another despite that they share significantly high sequence homology and similar three-dimensional folds. The major conclusions are as follows. For all the four cytochromes c, the thermal stability is largely enhanced by the heme binding in terms of the water entropy. For the holo states, the measure is the largest for AA c(555). However, AA c(555) has the lowest packing efficiency of heme and the apo polypeptide with hololike structure, which is unfavorable for the water entropy. The highest stability of AA c(555) is ascribed primarily to the highest efficiency of side-chain packing of the apo polypeptide itself. We argue for all the four cytochromes c that due to covalent heme linkages, the number of accessible conformations of the denatured state is decreased by the steric hindrance of heme, and the conformational-entropy loss upon folding becomes smaller, leading to an enhancement of the thermal stability. As for the apo state modeled as the native structure whose heme is removed, AA c(555) has a much larger value of the measure than the other three. Overall, the theoretical results are quite consistent with the experimental observations (e.g., at 25?°C the α-helix content of the apo state of AA c(555) is almost equal to that of the holo state while almost all helices are collapsed in the apo states of PA c(551), PH c(552), and HT c(552)).