镍催化构筑C(sp3)—C(sp3)键反应研究进展

过渡金属催化的偶联反应是构筑C-C键的高效方法,在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用.然而,相对于Heck反应、Negishi偶联与Suzuki偶联等构筑C（sp²）-C（sp²）键的反应,过渡金属催化的构筑C（sp³）-C（sp³）键的偶联反应较难进行,发展较晚.近年来,烷基-烷基C-C键偶联反应受到广泛的重视,一些高效催化剂被开发出来,其中镍催化剂展示出独特的催化活性和选择性.本文将综述镍催化烷基-烷基C-C键偶联反应最新研究进展,主要包括烷基亲电试剂与金属有机试剂交叉偶联反应、导向基参与的C（sp³）-H键活化的偶联反应、镍-光反应催化剂协同催化偶联反应、烷基亲电试剂与亲电试剂的还原偶联反应和镍催化烯烃加成反应等.     

温和条件下Pd/π-酸配体催化的芳基碘化物和烷基铟试剂的交叉偶联反应

过渡金属催化的偶联反应是构建C—C键的重要途径. 目前主要的催化剂为钯络合物, 且对于Csp²-Csp²报道的是最多的, 而Csp³相关成键的报道则相对少一些, 主要是因为其涉及的还原消除较慢. 我们曾发现π-酸类配体可以很好地促进Csp³-Pd-Csp²的还原消除, 这对于Csp³相关的成键具有重要意义. 报道了以膦烯烃、双烯化合物等π-酸化合物作为配体时, 在温和条件下高选择性地实现了钯催化的芳基碘化物和烷基铟试剂的交叉偶联反应, 构建Csp³-ArCsp²键. 其中伯碳和仲碳的烷基铟试剂均可以很好的兼容; 另外, 进一步的研究表明, 反应可以在敞口的条件下进行, 对水和氧气可以兼容, 并可以得到较高的产率.     

镍催化还原偶联反应构筑C(sp~2)—C(sp~2)/C(sp~2)—C(sp~3)键的研究进展

亲电试剂的还原偶联反应避免了有机金属试剂的制备与使用,对各类官能团拥有极好的兼容性,为C—C键的构筑提供了一类重要的方法.近些年来,该反应的研究取得了突破性进展,实现了一系列C(sp2)—X与C(sp3)—X亲电试剂参与的交叉偶联反应.主要针对镍催化亲电试剂交叉偶联反应构筑C(sp2)—C(sp2)和C(sp2)—C(sp3)键的研究展开综述,详细介绍了各种偶联反应及其反应机制.     

铜催化下含氮化合物的Chan-Lam偶联反应的研究进展

构筑碳-氮键在有机合成和药物化学领域有着重要的意义.近年来关于碳氮键合成反应的研究取得了长足的进展.其中铜催化的Chan-Lam偶联反应是构筑碳氮键最有效和直接的方式之一.系统综述了近十多年Chan-Lam偶联反应直接构筑C—N键的催化机理、反应体系、底物范围及结构特点等.     

低价钒试剂促进的有机反应及其在有机合成中的应用

综述了近年来低价钒试剂促进的有机反应及其在有机合成中的应用。重点讨论了低价钒试剂促进下的碳-碳键的形成反应，如卤代烃的还原偶联、醛(酮)的还原偶联、羰基化合物的脱氧烷基化及脱氧偶联反应等。另外，还介绍了催化量的低价钒度剂在促进有机反应方面的应用。     

钯催化下有机锡化合物的偶联反应在碳-碳键形成过程中的应用

本文述评了最近几年来钯催化的有机锡化合物与有机亲电试剂的交叉偶联反应在有机合成中用于碳-碳键形成的主要研究成果。主要讨论了直接交叉偶联反应,CO或烯键插入的交叉偶联反应和机理。     

过渡金属催化的硫酯的交叉偶联反应研究进展

硫酯在医药、农药、香精香料、材料等领域应用广泛,可从羧酸衍生得到,羧酸在自然界寻常可见、结构丰富.硫酯C(O)—S键能轻易和低价过渡金属发生氧化加成生成C(O)—M—S,该物种在不脱羰或脱羰情况下可以和亲核试剂反应构建碳碳键.近二十年来,人们广泛研究了过渡金属催化的硫酯的交叉偶联反应,这为从羧酸出发构筑C—C键提供了可供选择的有效方案.本综述按照过渡金属种类,依次对钯、镍、铜、铑等过渡金属催化的硫酯的交叉偶联反应进行了总结和讨论,综述了该类反应在天然产物、药物分子合成及其后期转化中的应用.同时关注了近些年报道的硫酯的不对称交叉偶联反应,以及硫酯的交叉偶联反应在串联反应和官能团转化方面的应用.     

可见光催化C(sp3)-C(sp3)键的构筑

本文对近年来可见光催化构筑C(sp ³)-C(sp ³)键的国内外最新研究成果进行概述,着重阐述了各类催化的催化体系、反应机理及在合成生物活性分子或药物分子方面的应用。在可见光催化的反应体系中引入过渡金属或手性催化剂,构建新颖的协同催化体系,可以实现在温和的条件下对C—C键构筑的精确控制,对于手性药物的设计、开发具有重要的意义。最后,对未来可见光催化构筑C—C键的发展进行展望。     

芳基重氮盐参与的偶联反应研究进展

芳基重氮盐由于其价廉易得、反应活性高等特点作为芳基化试剂广泛应用于偶联反应中,近年来在有机合成中越来越受到化学家们的重视.综述了2006年以来的芳基重氮盐参与的偶联反应的研究情况,结合本课题组的工作,重点探讨芳基重氮盐在新的碳碳键构筑方式、天然产物骨架的构建、非均相催化领域的延伸以及绿色合成等方面的新应用和新进展.     

铜催化有机硼试剂参与的自由基不对称C(sp3)—C(sp2)键构建反应(英文)

有机硼试剂具有易于合成、稳定以及低毒的优势,被广泛地应用于C—C键的构建中。其中,铜催化有机硼试剂参与的自由基不对称(杂)芳基/烯基化反应是构建手性C(sp³)—C(sp²)键的重要方式之一,该类型反应成功的关键在于手性配体的合理设计,其与铜组成的手性协同催化体系既要保证反应的高效启动,还要实现高活性烷基自由基的立体控制。本文综述了两种类型手性配体的发展对这个领域研究进展的影响,并对该领域做出展望。     

电中性团簇MCu2Ox(M=Cu2+,Ce4+,Zr4+)上甲烷和二氧化碳直接合成乙酸的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了电中性团簇MCu₂O_x(M=Cu²⁺, Ce⁴⁺, Zr⁴⁺; x=3, 4)的特性及其对甲烷和二氧化碳直接合成乙酸反应的影响. 结果表明, 团簇催化的反应由甲烷C—H活化、 二氧化碳插入引起C-C偶联、 CH₃COO转向和氢迁移4步构成. 前两步为关键步骤, C—H和C-C各自与团簇活性位点间形成四中心结构并推动反应进行. 电子自甲烷流出到团簇, 再流入二氧化碳, 使甲烷的C—H和二氧化碳的C=O得以活化, 继而驱动C-C偶联. Ce, Zr引入至氧化铜团簇中后, 团簇由原有的六元环结构衍变为六元环Ⅰ、 掺杂原子分别位于中心和端末的双四元环Ⅱ和Ⅲ 3种结构. 团簇结构和电子自旋均会影响反应的进行. 低自旋团簇有利于甲烷 C—H活化, 而高自旋团簇则有利于C-C偶联; 在3种掺杂团簇结构中, 处于三重态的结构Ⅲ团簇可以较好地兼顾C—H活化和C-C偶联. 通过比较相同结构发现, Ce, Zr掺杂调变了氧化铜团簇活性位点的局域电荷, 虽使其对甲烷C—H活化的能力略有下降, 但却显著降低了C-C偶联反应的活化自由能垒, 从而促进了反应的进行. 掺杂原子Zr的助剂作用比Ce要大.     

Recent progress in copper nanocatalysis for sustainable transformations

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been deeply studied as catalyst for organic synthesis. Various new Cu nanocatalysts are reviewed for different types of organic reactions, such as C–C bond formation (including Mizoroki–Heck, Suzuki–Miyaura, Glaser-Hay coupling), C–N bond formation (including Chan-Lam, Buchwald–Hartwig, Ullmann and Goldberg coupling, alkyne–azide cycloaddition etc.), C–O bond formation and multi-step reactions with C–X (C, N, O) bond formation. Most CuNP-catalyzed protocols possess merits of mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency, good functional group tolerance, lower cost, clean reaction profiles and reusable copper catalyst. The application of these CuNPs in organic synthesis holds potential for significant impact on advancing organic synthesis and promoting further development of organic copper chemistry.     

General and efficient syntheses of C(18)-4,8-sphingadienines via S(N)2'-type homoallylic coupling reactions mediated by thioether-stabilized copper reagents

The stereoselective syntheses of C(18)-4,8-sphingadienines 3 and 4 as analogues of sphingosine 1 are described. The key step in these syntheses involved a novel S(N)2'-type homoallylic coupling reaction between the corresponding thioether-stabilized allylic copper reagents and the allylic mesylate 7. The thioether-stabilized allylic copper reagents were easily prepared and retained the configuration of their double bond during the coupling reactions, thus overcoming the problem of isomerization which was normally associated with the use of allylic organometallic reagents in such applications.     

(E)‐2‐[2‐(1‐Naphthyl)­vinyl]‐3‐tosyl‐2,3‐di­hydro‐1,3‐benzo­thia­zole

The title compound, C₂₆H₂₁NO₂S₂, which consists of a benzo­thia­zole skeleton with α‐naphthyl­vinyl and tosyl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively, was prepared by palladium–copper‐catalyzed heteroannulation. The E configuration of the mol­ecule about the vinyl C=C bond is established by the benzothiazole–naphthyl C—C—C—C torsion angle of 177.5 (4)°. The five‐membered heterocyclic ring adopts an envelope conformation with the Csp³ atom 0.380 (6) Å from the C₂NS plane. The two S—C [1.751 (4) and 1.838 (4) Å] and two N—C [1.426 (5) and 1.482 (5) Å] bond lengths in the thia­zole ring differ significantly.     

Copper Catalyzed C−H Activation

Activation of C?H bonds and their application in cross coupling chemistry has received a wider interest in recent years. The conventional strategy in cross coupling reaction involves the pre‐functionalization step of coupling reactants such as organic halides, pseudo‐halides and organometallic reagents. The C?H activation facilitates a simple and straight forward approach devoid of pre‐functionalization step. This approach also addresses the environmental and economical issues involved in several chemical reactions. In this account, we have reported C?H bond activation of small organic molecules, for example, formamide C?H bond can be activated and coupled with β‐dicarbonyl or 2‐carbonyl substituted phenols under oxidative conditions to yield carbamates using inexpensive copper catalysts. Phenyl carbamates were successfully synthesized in moderate to good yields by cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of phenols with formamides using copper catalysts in presence of a ligand. We have also prepared unsymmetrical urea derivatives by oxidative cross coupling of formamides with amines using copper catalysts. Synthesis of N,N‐dimethyl substituted amides, 5‐substituted‐γ‐lactams and α‐acyloxy ethers was carried out from carboxylic acids using recyclable CuO nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles afforded N‐aryl‐γ‐amino‐γ‐lactams by oxidative coupling of aromatic amines with 2‐pyrrolidinone. Reusable transition metal HT‐derived oxide catalyst was used for the synthesis of N,N‐dimethyl substituted amides by the oxidative cross‐coupling of carboxylic acids and substituted benzaldehydes. Overview of our work in this area is summarized.     

From Structural Models of Galactose Oxidase to Homogeneous Catalysis: Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols

Two reaction pathways are catalyzed by the dinuclear copper(II )–phenoxyl complex 1 —a functional model for the metalloenzyme galactose oxidase—by the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols with dioxygen (air) in homogeneous solution to their corresponding aldehydes or ketones and/or 1,2-glycols (oxidative C–C coupling). The reduction product formed is H₂O₂, not water.     

Copper‐Catalyzed Benzylic C—H Functionalization,Oxidation and Cyclization of Methylarenes: Direct Access to 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles

The direct C—H functionalization of methylarenes is of great significance. Herein, a copper‐catalyzed oxidative C—N/C—S bond formation through benzylic C(sp³)—H functionalization, oxidation and cyclization of methylarenes is reported. Various 2‐arylbenzothiazoles have been synthesized in moderate to excellent yields with readily available o‐iodoaniline, potassium sulfide, and methylarenes as raw materials.     

Advances in Copper‐Catalyzed C?C Coupling Reactions and Related Domino Reactions Based on Active Methylene Compounds

Active methylene compounds are a major class of reaction partners for C? C bond formation with sp² C? X (X=halide) fragments. As one of the most‐classical versions of the Ullmann‐type coupling reaction, activated‐methylene‐based C? C coupling reactions have been efficiently employed in a large number of syntheses. Although this type of reaction has long relied on noble‐metal catalysis, the renaissance of copper catalysis at the end of last century has led to dramatic developments in Ullmann C? C coupling reactions. Owing to its low cost, abundance, as well as excellent catalytic activity, the exceptional atom economy of copper catalysis is gaining widespread attention in various organic synthesis. This review summarizes the advances in copper‐catalyzed intermolecular and intramolecular C? C coupling reactions that use activated methylene species as well as in tandem reactions that are initiated by this transformation.     

4-(9-蒽基)-6-辛氧基-1,3,5-三嗪-2-胺的合成及其在酸性介质中的光谱行为研究

以2,4-二氯-6-辛氧基-1,3,5-三嗪为原料,经Kumada偶联及胺化两步反应合成了三嗪胺衍生物:4-(9-蒽基)-6-辛氧基-1,3,5-三嗪-2-胺(AOOTA),总产率为38%.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱及荧光光谱研究了氯仿溶液中AOOTA在乙酸(HOAc)及三氟乙酸(TFA)作用下的光谱行为.研究发现AOOTA与HOAc在基态及激发态下均不能发生双氢键作用,而AOOTA与TFA相互作用基态下形成双氢键复合物,激发态下由于分子中蒽基及辛氧基与三嗪环间的C-C单键以及C-O单键的自由旋转,从而使得AOOTA与TFA分子间不能形成有效的氢键相互作用.     

SAPO-34分子筛载铜催化剂催化Ullmann偶联反应

以三乙胺为模板剂,通过水热合成法,改变不同硅铝比得到结晶度较好的SAPO-34分子筛.通过离子交换法和高压加氢的方法制得Cu-SAPO-34催化剂,并采用XRD、SEM、TEM、H2-TPR、XPS等方法对其结构进行了表征.结果表明,制备的催化剂形貌较规整,铜离子全部被还原为零价,还原后的铜纳米颗粒粒径较小且均匀分布在分子筛表面.将得到的Cu-SAPO-34催化剂应用于无配体情况下的沃尔曼偶联反应中,评价了其在Ullmann偶联反应中的催化性能,结果显示出Cu-SAPO-34在C—O键和C—N键的形成上展现了较高的催化活性.