PAN基碳纤维形成过程中热氧稳定化气氛对纤维径向结构演变的关联性研究

采用红外光谱、X射线能谱、激光显微共焦拉曼光谱、X射线衍射光谱和电子自旋共振等多种表征手段,定量探讨了热氧稳定化气氛中氧气浓度与聚丙烯腈纤维的径向结构转变以及与碳纤维结构和性能的关联.结果表明,随着氧气浓度的增大,氧气自皮层逐渐扩散到纤维内部,热氧稳定化纤维的径向结构趋于均质化.当热氧稳定化过程氧体积浓度(Vo)由20.38％增加到21.15％时,热氧稳定化纤维的皮芯结构逐渐减小,环化程度增幅显著,该过程对碳纤维皮部类石墨结构的形成具有促进作用,所得碳纤维的孔隙率减小,拉伸强度增大.当Vo大于21.34％时,热氧稳定化纤维的皮芯结构基本消失,但氧化程度过高且环化程度增幅缓慢,抑制了碳纤维皮部类石墨结构的形成,所得碳纤维的孔隙率增大,拉伸强度降低.控制Vo为21.15％ ～21.34％时,热氧稳定化纤维的环化和径向化学结构的均质化程度均得以提高,所得碳纤维在保持皮部较高石墨程度的同时促进了芯部类石墨结构的形成,此时拉伸强度最高,比在常规空气气氛条件下制备的碳纤维提高了12.22％.     

用在位X-射线衍射技术对PAN纤维的动态热解特征和环化动力学的研究

本文用在位Ｘ－射线衍射技术研究了ＰＡＮ（聚丙烯腈）纤维的预氧化过程。由广角测得不同温度下试样随热解时间而变化的一系列的解析谱图中计算出样品的结晶度、微晶尺寸、晶面间距和芳构化指数,并对这些参数随实验条件变化的瞬间情况给予了解释。同时,还描述了ＰＡＮ纤维在预氧化过程中的环化动力学行为。求解了各温度下的环化反应速率和活化参数。     

聚丙烯腈基碳纤维预氧化过程

采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射结构分析、裂解色谱-质谱、红外光谱等手段,探索了聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维预氧化过程中组成及结构演变的规律.预氧化初期,PAN丝束结构消失,呈半融状.共聚体首先参加反应,酯类等消失,分子发生环状交联,环化指数缓慢增加.预氧化初期与中期为环化反应最激烈阶段,易使结构固定化,形成结构性缺陷,应加强前期牵伸.预氧化中期重排形成新的片块堆垛束状结构,并逐步向片状扇形发散结构转变,框架结构在预氧化后期趋于稳定.此阶段,由于羧酯共聚体的诱发逐步形成非常稳定的环状结构,单体、二聚体、三聚体明显减少.预氧化后期只剩下含-CN基的碎片,最后-CN碎片亦消失,环化指数随预氧化过程升高,结构形貌不再发生大的变化.     

聚丙烯腈基碳纤维预氧化过程组成结构的演变

采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射结构分析、裂解色谱-质谱、红外光谱等手段,探索了聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维预氧化过程中组成及结构演变的规律.预氧化初期,PAN丝束结构消失,呈半融状.共聚体首先参加反应,酯类等消失,分子发生环状交联,环化指数缓慢增加.预氧化初期与中期为环化反应最激烈阶段,易使结构固定化,形成结构性缺陷,应加强前期牵伸.预氧化中期重排形成新的片块堆垛束状结构,并逐步向片状扇形发散结构转变,框架结构在预氧化后期趋于稳定.此阶段,由于羧酯共聚体的诱发逐步形成非常稳定的环状结构,单体、二聚体、三聚体明显减少.预氧化后期只剩下含?/FONT>CN基的碎片,最后?/FONT>CN碎片亦消失,环化指数随预氧化过程升高, 结构形貌不再发生大的变化.     

用在位X-射线衍射技术对PAN纤维的动态热解特征和环化动力学的研究

本文用在位X-射线衍射技术研究了PAN(聚丙烯腈)纤维的预氧化过程。由广角测得不同温度下试样随热解时间而变化的一系列的解析谱图中计算出样品的结晶度、微晶尺寸、晶面间距和芳构化指数,并对这些参数随实验条件变化的瞬间情况给予了解释。同时,还描述了PAN纤维在预氧化过程中的环化动力学行为。求解了各温度下的环化反应速率和活化参数。     

Fe(Ⅲ)催化的烯丙醇的Friedel-Crafts环化反应合成多取代茚

在FeCl3·6H2O催化下,多取代的烯丙醇可以顺利进行分子内Friedel-Crafts环化反应,以中等到优良的产率得到一系列多取代茚化合物,该反应操作简单、反应条件温和.产物结构经IR,1H NMR,13C NMR,HR MS及X射线单晶衍射分析确证.     

D8X射线衍射仪简易变温加热台的研制

成功研制的简易变温加热台,在不更换D8X射线衍射仪的附件情况下,能快速方便的安装在衍射仪上,进行X射线衍射原位变温测试,满足了从室温至600℃的原位变温X射线衍射测试需求.更换附件时间从2~3天缩短至30 min即可进行变温X射线衍射测试,提高了测试效率.同时,节省了购买同类变温加热台近20万元的资金.     

有序介孔碳固相微萃取涂层测定水中氯苯类有机污染物

采用溶剂挥发自组装结合提拉法,在石墨纤维表面制备有序介孔碳(Ordered mesoporous cabon,OMC)涂层,并开展其对水中氯苯类有机污染物的固相微萃取(SPME)测定.扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示,制备的OMC涂层完整,与基体结合紧密,厚度约为7μm.透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和氮吸附脱附结果证实,OMC涂层具有规整二维六方特征,比表面积和孔容分别为369.7 m2/g和0.28 cm3/g.以氯苯类污染物为分析对象,采用顶空固相微萃取与氢火焰气相色谱联用法对OMC涂层的萃取性能进行全面的评价,优化萃取时间和温度、解吸时间、搅拌速率、离子强度及顶空体积等萃取条件,并与商品化涂层进行比对.结果表明,最佳萃取条件为:萃取时间30 min,萃取温度50℃,脱附时间2 min,盐浓度0.35 g/mL,顶空体积15 mL.在最佳萃取条件下,检出限在0.05～0.15 μg/L之间;在1～1000 μg/L线性范围内,线性关系良好;7次平行样测定的相对标准偏差为4.1％ ～6.4％.制备的OMC涂层的峰面积是商用聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB)涂层的2倍,商用聚丙烯酸酯(Polyacrylate,PA)涂层的18倍.将此涂层应用于两种实际水样中,4种氯苯均未检出,添加浓度为20 μg/L时,样品回收率分别为99.4％～114.5％和92.3％～ 97.0％.     

高压下铌酸锌钶铁矿结构相变的原位拉曼光谱和X射线衍射研究

通过原位高压拉曼光谱和X射线衍射对ZnNb₂O₆晶体在29 GPa以下的结构转变进行了研究.拉曼光谱显示, 多数拉曼峰强度减弱, 且随着压力增加向高波数方向移动.压力频移曲线分别在10, 16 和20 GPa处形成了拐点.原位X射线衍射谱在10.6 GPa以上有旧峰消失和新峰出现.结果分析表明, ZnNb₂O₆钶铁矿结构压缩过程中发生了一个可逆压致相变, 此相变从10 GPa左右开始, 到16 GPa左右完成, 继续增加压力到20 GPa以上则形成无序状态.     

Kaminsky型催化剂催化乙烯环齐聚反应的研究

研究发现Cp~2ZrL~2(L=Cl,Me,OC~6H~4-p-Me)/EAO(乙基铝氧烷)可同步催化乙烯齐聚-环化反应,不仅给出链状烯烃,而且生成环状剂聚物－－亚甲基环戊烷。环状齐聚物的选择性取决于主催化剂的结构和浓度,反应介质,预反应温度和反应温度,反应时间,Al/Zr比及烷基铝水解程度等因素,加入碱性第三组分对催化活性和选择性亦有一定影响。在优化反应条件下,亚甲基环戊烷的选择性达到37%。     

Application of continual injection liquid‐phase microextraction method coupled with liquid chromatography to the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides

A liquid‐phase microextraction coupled with LC method has been developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (methidation, quinalphos and profenofos) in drinking water samples. In this method, a small amount (3 μL) of isooctane as the acceptor phase was introduced continually to fill‐up the channel of a 1.5 cm polypropylene hollow fiber using a microsyringe while the hollow fiber was immersed in an aqueous donor solution. A portion of the acceptor phase (ca. 0.4 μL) was first introduced into the hollow fiber and additional amounts (ca. 0.2 μL) of the acceptor phase were introduced to replenish at intervals of 3 min until set end of extraction (40 min). After extraction, the acceptor phase was withdrawn and transferred into a 2 mL vial for a drying step prior to injection into a LC system. Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency were studied including the organic solvent, length of fiber, volume of acceptor and donor phase, stirring rate, extraction time, and effect of salting out. The proposed method provided good enrichment factors of up to 189.50, with RSD ranging from 0.10 to 0.29%, analyte recoveries of over 79.80% and good linearity ranging from 10.0 to 1.25 mg/L. The LOD ranged from 2.86 to 82.66 μg/L. This method was applied successfully to the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in selected drinking water samples.     

Determination of estrogens in wastewater using three-phase hollow fiber-mediated liquid-phase microextraction followed by HPLC

Three-phase hollow fiber-mediated liquid-phase microextraction followed by HPLC was used for the determination of three synthetic estrogens, namely diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol, and hexestrol, in wastewater. Extraction conditions including organic solvent, volume ratio between donor solution and acceptor phase, extraction time, stirring rate, donor phase and acceptor phase were optimized. The target compounds were extracted from a 10 mL aqueous sample at pH 1.5 (donor solution) through a 45 mm in length hollow polypropylene fiber that was immersed in 1-octanol in advance, and then the hollow fiber was filled with 10 microL 0.5 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution (acceptor phase). After a 40 min extraction, the acceptor phase was directly injected into an HPLC system for detection. Under the optimized extraction conditions, a large enrichment factor (more than 300-fold) was achieved for the three estrogens. The determination limit at an S/N of 3 ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 microg/L for the estrogens. The recovery ratio was more than 86% in the determination of these estrogens in wastewater.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定红葡萄酒中残留的有机磷农药

采用溶胶-凝胶包埋技术制备了耐高温固相微萃取头(SPME),用该萃取头与气相色谱-热离子化检测器联用对红葡萄酒中的12种有机磷农药残留进行了测定。实验中对搅拌速度、萃取时间、盐浓度等条件进行了优化。结果表明,在样品用量25 mL,搅拌速度1250 r/min,盐浓度 150 g/L,萃取时间30 min的条件下,绝大多数组分峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）在5%以下,各种有机磷农药的检测限为5 ng/L到0.38 μg/L。     

基于气液相化学发光技术的臭氧在线检测方法

基于鲁米诺(luminol) 化学发光体系,采用自主研发的在线臭氧浓度检测仪,建立了一种实时在线检测臭氧浓度的方法,用于分析测定痕量浓度水平的臭氧气体。 考察了鲁米诺、氢氧化钾、部分醇类化合物和表面活性剂等因素对化学发光强度的影响。 结果表明,在鲁米诺(0.005 mol/L)、氢氧化钾(0.05 mol/L)体系中加入乙二醇(体积分数1.5%)、甲醇(体积分数1.5%)、乙醇(体积分数1.0%)、丙三醇(体积分数3.0%)能显著增强鲁米诺体系检测O₃的化学发光信号,而甲醛溶液 (体积分数3.0%)能有效抑制NO₂信号的干扰。 同时,测得检测臭氧的检出限为1.26 μg/m³、相对标准偏差为0.32%,相对误差为0.75%。 利用该体系测定臭氧,具有信号稳定、精密度好、准确度高、检出限低等优点,适用于大气中微量O₃的在线连续检测。     

聚苯胺/二氧化钛纳米管固相微萃取纤维的组装及应用

以钛丝表面原位阳极氧化生成的二氧化钛纳米管为基体,通过电聚合苯胺组装得到新型聚苯胺包覆二氧化钛复合纳米管阵列固相微萃取纤维。实验讨论了无机酸介质、苯胺浓度和氧化电压对电聚合苯胺的影响,经过对纤维表面形貌和元素成分的分析,得到最佳的纤维涂层条件：电解液组成为1 mol/L的H₂SO₄-0.5 mol/L的苯胺,聚合电压10 V,氧化时间60 min。采用所制备的纤维与高效液相色谱联用萃取水样中的紫外线吸收剂并优化萃取条件,固相微萃取条件如下：萃取时间40 min,解吸时间4 min,萃取温度40℃,搅拌速率600 r/min,样品溶液中不加NaCl。同时对环境水样中的目标物分析测定,并做加标试验,目标分析物的平均回收率为78.2%~118%,相对标准偏差为4.4%~8.9%。该方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于环境水样中紫外线吸收剂的快速测定。     

Analysis of Dichlorobenzene in Water by Solid‐Phase Microextraction

The solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) technique using a 100 μm film polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fiber has been examined with the aim to determine dichlorobenzene in aqueous samples. The feasibility of SPME‐GC‐ECD analysis has been evaluated. Absorption time of 30 min was selected and 1 min was long enough for complete desorption of the analytes in the injection port of the gas chromatograph. Linear ranges from 0.03 to 5 μg/L and method detection limits between 7 and 9 ng/L for dichlorobenzenes were obtained. The relative standard deviations were less than 12% for a spiking level of 3 μg/L. The proposed method was applied to determine dichlorobenzenes in spiked deionized water, ground water, and in industrial effluent samples.     

聚吡咯-离子液体固相微萃取涂层的电沉积制备及其在苯类化合物气相色谱检测中的应用

在0.1 mol/L吡咯-0.1 mol/L对甲苯磺酸-4g/L 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐水溶液中,通过循环伏安法在不锈钢丝表面制备了新型聚吡咯-离子液体(Polypyrrole-ionic liquid,PPY-IL)涂层.此涂层呈菜花状结构,粒度比PPY小.以5种苯类化合物(即1,2-二甲苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和1,3,5-三甲苯)为目标分析物,对所得萃取头性能进行了考察.在优化的实验条件(萃取温度:50℃；萃取时间:40 min;搅拌速率:600 r/min; NaCl浓度:0.2 g/mL)下,对这些苯类化合物进行顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱检测,其线性范围为0.6～800 μg/L,单根多次萃取的相对标准偏差小于4.5％(n=5),多根萃取头平行萃取的相对标准偏差为4.5％～12.4％(n=5).PPY-IL萃取头有良好的稳定性,在使用150次后萃取性能仅有很小的变化；在温度升至290℃时不分解.与聚吡咯和聚二甲基硅氧烷萃取头相比,本萃取头对这些苯类化合物有更高的萃取能力.     

Electrochemical preparation of zinc oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposite coating for the highly effective solid‐phase microextraction of phthalate esters

In this work, zinc oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposite coating was fabricated on stainless steel and evaluated as a novel headspace solid‐phase microextraction fiber coating for extraction of ultra‐trace amounts of environmental pollutants, namely, phthalate esters, in water samples. The fiber nanocomposite were prepared by a two‐step process including the electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole on the surface of stainless steel in the first step, and electrochemical deposition of zinc oxide nanosheets in the second step. Porous structure together with zinc oxide nanosheets with the average diameter of 30 nm were observed on the surface by using scanning electron microscopy. The effective parameters on extraction of phthalate esters (i.e., extraction temperature, extraction time, desorption temperature, desorption time, salt concentration, and stirring rate) were investigated and optimized by one‐variable‐at‐a‐time method. Under optimized conditions (extraction temperature, 90°C; extraction time, 40 min; desorption temperature, 270°C; desorption time, 5 min; salt concentration, 25% w/v; and stirring rate, 1000 rpm), the limits of detection were in the range of 0.05–0.8 μg/L, and the repeatability and fiber‐to‐fiber reproducibility were in the ranges of 6.1–7.3% and 8.7–10.2%, respectively.     

Cyclodextrin‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a fiber coating material for the solid‐phase microextraction of some volatile aromatic compounds

A novel solid phase microextraction fiber was prepared for the first time by using a sol–gel technique with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide as the fiber coating material. The results verified that the β‐cyclodextrin was successfully grafted onto the surface of reduced graphene oxide and the coating possessed a uniform folded and wrinkled structure. The performance of the solid phase microextraction fiber was evaluated by using it to extract nine volatile aromatic compounds from water samples before determination with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. Some important experimental parameters that could affect the extraction efficiency such as the extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption temperature, desorption time, the volume of water sample solution, stirring rate, as well as ionic strength were optimized. The new method was validated to be effective for the trace analysis of some volatile aromatic compounds, with the limits of detection ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 ng/L. Single fiber repeatability and fiber‐to‐fiber reproducibility were in the range of 2.5–9.4 and 5.4–12.9%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of three different water samples, and the recoveries of the method were in the range from 77.9 to 113.6% at spiking levels of 10, 100, and 1000 ng/L, respectively.     

Evaluation of two membrane‐based microextraction techniques for the determination of endocrine disruptors in aqueous samples by HPLC with diode array detection

In this study, the viability of two membrane‐based microextraction techniques for the determination of endocrine disruptors by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was evaluated: hollow fiber microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction and hollow‐fiber‐supported dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. The extraction efficiencies obtained for methylparaben, ethylparaben, bisphenol A, benzophenone, and 2‐ethylhexyl‐4‐methoxycinnamate from aqueous matrices obtained using both approaches were compared and showed that hollow fiber microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction exhibited higher extraction efficiency for most of the compounds studied. Therefore, a detailed optimization of the extraction procedure was carried out with this technique. The optimization of the extraction conditions and liquid desorption were performed by univariate analysis. The optimal conditions for the method were supported liquid membrane with 1‐octanol for 10 s, sample pH 7, addition of 15% w/v of NaCl, extraction time of 30 min, and liquid desorption in 150 μL of acetonitrile/methanol (50:50 v/v) for 5 min. The linear correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9936. The limits of detection were 0.5–4.6 μg/L and the limits of quantification were 2–16 μg/L. The analyte relative recoveries were 67–116%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 15.5%.