循环肿瘤细胞捕获方法的研究进展

血液中的循环肿瘤细胞（CTCs）携带着肿瘤组织的遗传和表型信息，是液体活检的重要标志物。监测和分析血液中CTCs的数量和性质对癌症的早期诊断、治疗方案的确定和疗效评估具有重要意义。然而CTCs在血液中的含量极低，实现对CTCs的捕获与检测极具挑战。该文综述了基于生物物理原理、生物亲和原理以及人工抗体的CTCs捕获方法，并从捕获效率、捕获纯度和释放活性保持等方面进行了评述。此外，该文还对CTCs捕获方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

核酸适配体功能化纳米界面用于循环肿瘤细胞捕获与释放

循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)是肿瘤研究和临床癌症诊断中的重要对象,也是"液体活检"的重要标志物.CTCs携带着肿瘤组织的遗传和表型信息,有助于肿瘤的早期诊断、个体化治疗和预后监测.然而,CTCs是一种极其罕见的细胞群体,在癌症患者外周血中十分稀少,这对从患者血液中分离CTCs并无损释放进行下游分析提出了挑战.目前,基于CT...     

微流控芯片分选临床样品中循环肿瘤细胞的研究进展

癌症作为常见病正严重威胁着我国乃至全球居民的健康。循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)是一类由癌变部位释放并进入血液中的癌细胞,其在癌症的早期诊断、个体化及肿瘤转移机制研究等方面的作用正逐渐被发现和认可,但由于血液中的CTCs含量极少,对其分选极具挑战。微流控芯片作为一种微型化、高通量、集成化平台,在CTCs研究中彰显了独特的优势,相关报道也越来越多。随着研究的深入,微流控芯片技术不再局限于基于模型样品的方法学开发,而是更注重于能否用于临床实际样品中CTCs的检测,但目前未见该角度的综述报道。为此,文章综述了近年来用于临床实际样品CTCs分析的微流控芯片分选技术,并探讨了微流控芯片用于CTCs分选的发展趋势。     

循环肿瘤细胞体内检测技术及其应用研究

从实体瘤脱落进入血液循环系统的肿瘤细胞即循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)与肿瘤转移密切相关,因此CTCs检测对癌症患者的诊断、治疗监测、病情评估以及肿瘤转移机制研究具有重要意义。由于CTCs在体内含量极少、异质性、分布不均一,通过体外采血发展的CTCs检测技术虽然已取得很大进展,但仍然面临肿瘤细胞损失、失活、失真以及灵敏度低等问题,因此亟需发展基于体内快速流动血液的肿瘤细胞检测技术,在真实生理状态下实时监测CTCs动态变化。在此,我们总结了CTCs体内检测技术及其相关应用的研究进展,分析了这些技术的优势和不足。最后,讨论并展望了CTCs体内检测技术的未来发展趋势。     

微流控芯片系统在循环肿瘤细胞分离检测中的应用进展

循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)的分离分析一直是肿瘤相关研究中的热点方向,作为液体活检的重要标志物之一,其在外周血中的含量与癌症病发状况密切相关.然而人体血液中CTCs的含量非常低,通常来说仅有0～10个/mL,因此在开展临床血液样本中CTCs的检测前,往往需要对样本进行前处理,以实现CTCs的分离和富集.微流控芯片技术凭借样...     

基于微流控技术的循环肿瘤细胞分选研究

循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)出现于癌症患者的外周血中,是一种重要的游离态组织样本,对于癌症的早期诊断和预后评估具有非常重要的临床诊断价值。由于血液中CTCs含量极少,对其进行分选富集是CTCs检测和分析的一个重要预处理步骤。传统的宏观方法虽然也能实现细胞分离,但存在耗时长、样品需求量大、目标细胞损失严重及硬件设备依赖性高等不足。近年来兴起的微流控技术可在微米尺度范围内集成物理、化学及生物手段,易于实现整体器件的微型化和低成本便携式发展,为稀有CTCs的高灵敏度、高效分选提供重要的潜在技术手段。本文综述了微流控技术实现CTCs分选的最新研究进展,详细阐述了各种被动、主动分选方法的原理及成功应用实例,分析各方法的优缺点,提出一种新型的多级分选芯片结构,并最后探讨了微流控CTCs分选芯片在临床应用中面临的挑战及未来的发展趋势。     

纳米生物无机界面的构筑与循环肿瘤细胞分离

纳米生物无机界面的研究是无机化学学科新兴的前沿领域之一。纳米结构的无机材料在仿生界面、细胞界面、生物检测界面等领域扮演着越来越重要的角色。近几年来,无机纳米结构被尝试用于痕量循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating Tumor Cells,CTCs)分离的基础探索研究中,并展现出非常吸引人的应用前景。痕量CTCs的高效分离对于癌症早期检测、术后监测及生物学研究等具有重要的意义。本文主要综述纳米生物无机界面在CTCs分离中的应用,详细介绍其发展现状,并对未来做一展望。     

纳米生物无机界面的构筑与循环肿瘤细胞分离

纳米生物无机界面的研究是无机化学学科新兴的前沿领域之一。纳米结构的无机材料在仿生界面、细胞界面、生物检测界面等领域扮演着越来越重要的角色。近几年来, 无机纳米结构被尝试用于痕量循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating Tumor Cells, CTCs)分离的基础探索研究中, 并展现出非常吸引人的应用前景。痕量CTCs的高效分离对于癌症早期检测、术后监测及生物学研究等具有重要的意义。本文主要综述纳米生物无机界面在CTCs分离中的应用, 详细介绍其发展现状, 并对未来做一展望。     

肿瘤靶向的磁性荧光IR780-Fe3O4纳米颗粒用于循环肿瘤细胞的检测

循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating tumor cells,CTCs)的简单、快速分离和检测是目前临床研究中面临的一项挑战.本研究制备了具有肿瘤靶向识别作用的磁性荧光IR780-Fe3 O4纳米颗粒,并将其用于CTCs的分离和检测.通过电镜、荧光光谱仪和超导量子干涉仪对合成的IR780-Fe3 O4纳米颗粒进行表征;采用激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪对IR780-Fe3 O4纳米颗粒对肿瘤细胞和正常细胞的靶向效果进行了分析;利用激光共聚焦显微镜对IR780-Fe3 O4纳米颗粒在MCF-7细胞中的位置进行定位;并根据IR780-Fe3 O4纳米颗粒孵育后肿瘤细胞的荧光强度绘制标准曲线.研究结果表明,IR780-Fe3 O4能很好地靶向多种CTCs.细胞定位实验进一步表明,IR780-Fe3 O4主要靶向识别肿瘤细胞的线粒体.通过Fe3 O4磁性纳米颗粒偶联IR780建立的这种方法可很好地区分肿瘤细胞和正常细胞,并对模拟血液中的CTCs进行了分离和检测.     

MOFs传感器在癌症及其生物标志物检测中的应用

癌症是世界上最致命的疾病之一,因此癌细胞的有效捕获和敏感检测对基础研究以及临床诊断和治疗都具有重要意义。基于金属有机骨架(MOFs)的催化活性和固有的发光性能等特点,MOFs已被成功地开发为传感平台实现对癌症及其标志物的检测。综述了基于MOFs的电化学、荧光、电化学发光、比色传感器在癌细胞及核酸、蛋白质等生物标志物检测中近3年的研究进展,从MOFs材料,检测物类型,检测方法、检测能力等方面进行了综述,并对各自的特点进行了讨论,对以后MOFs纳米材料在癌症检测中的应用进行了展望。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展*

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).